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关键词： Paediatric trauma   Humanitarian aid   Global health  

摘要： Background: Understanding injury patterns specific for paediatric casualties of armed conflict is essential to facilitate preparations by organizations that provide medical care in conflict areas. The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to identify injury patterns and treatment requirements that are specific for paediatric patients in conflict zones. Methods: Characteristics of children (age < 15 years) treated in medical facilities supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) between 1988 and 2014 in Kabul, Kao-i-Dang, Lokichogio, Kandahar, Peshawar, Quetta and Goma were analysed;patient characteristics were compared between treatment facilities and with those of adult patients (age >= 15 years). Results: Of the patients listed in the database, 15% (5843/38,088) were aged < 15 years. The median age was 10 years (IQR 6-12);75% (4406/5843) were male. Eighty-six percent (5012/5,843) of the admitted children underwent surgery, with a median of 2 surgeries per patient (IQR 1-3). When compared with adult patients, children were more frequently seen with fragment injuries, burns and mine injuries;they had injuries to multiple body regions more often and had higher in-hospital mortality rates. Conclusions: Children more often sustained injuries to multiple body regions and had higher in-hospital mortality than adults. These findings could have implications for how the ICRC and other organizations prepare personnel and structure logistics to meet the treatment needs of paediatric victims of armed conflicts.

关键词： Traditional medicine   Herbal remedies   Children diseases   Buhunga   Digestive disorders  

摘要： Background: Plants have been used as a primary source of medicine since ancient times and about 80% of the world's population use herbal medicine to treat different ailments. Plant use knowledge differs in space and time and thus requires documentation to avoid its loss from one generation to another. Methods: In order to accomplish the survey, semi-structured questionnaires were used. The data collected included names of plant species, parts used, ailments treated, growth habit, methods of preparation and mode of administration of the herbal remedies. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data in form of tables and a graph. Results: Results showed that 50 plant species belonging to 26 families were utilized in the treatment of paediatric diseases of which Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the most common. Leaves (80%) were the most commonly used and decoctions were the main method of preparation. Twenty nine health conditions were treated out of which digestive disorders, malaria and respiratory tract infections were predominant. Herbs and shrubs were equally dominant. Conclusion: Herbal remedies are an important source of treatment for paediatric diseases in Buhunga Parish. However, there is need for collaboration between herbal medicine users and scientific institutions to help in the discovery of new drugs based on indigenous knowledge. Scientists ought to explore suitable methods of preparation and dosage formulations in order to achieve the best benefits from herbal remedies.

关键词： Bronchoscopy   Bronchoalveolar lavage   Alveolar macrophages   Cytokines  

摘要： Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage is a useful bronchoscopy technique. However, studies in "normal" children populations are few. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of exogenous pulmonary surfactants on the bronchoalveolar cellular components are limited. Methods: Thirty children, aged 3 to 14 years, underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage. Differential cytology, cytokine and chemokine measurements were performed on the fluid after exogenous surfactant exposure. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of exogenous surfactants on the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, specifically alveolar macrophages of healthy South African children. Results: Alveolar macrophages were the predominant cellular population in normal children. Patients with inflammatory pneumonopathies had significantly more neutrophils. Levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly lower after exogenous surfactant exposure. Moreover, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokine secretion increased after exogenous surfactant exposure. Conclusion: This study provides the first data on bronchoalveolar lavage of healthy South African children. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with pulmonary inflammation was characterised by neutrophilia. Finally, we propose that exogenous surfactant treatment could help alleviate inflammation in diseased states where it occurs in the tracheobronchial tree.

关键词： Obesity   respiratory   adolescence   management   health services  

摘要： Objective: Weight loss has been found to improve the symptoms of asthma in children who are overweight. However, many paediatric weight management programmes do not address the challenges associated with living with asthma. The aim of this study was to explore the views and experiences of paediatric healthcare professionals concerning weight management advice and support offered to families of children living with asthma. Methods: In-depth individual interviews with 10 healthcare professionals who work with a paediatric asthma population (n?=?4 Respiratory Consultants, 3 Respiratory Nurses, 3 General Paediatricians). Data were analysed using a Framework approach. Results: Healthcare professionals highlighted that families? perceptions of weight, their approach to physical activity and nutrition, the family?s social context and perceptions of asthma and asthma treatment all influence weight management in children living with asthma. Initiating weight management conversations and referring to weight management support were perceived as challenging. It was thought that tailoring weight management to the needs of children living with asthma and locating support within the community were important to the success of a family-centred intervention. Conclusions: The results highlight the added complexity of responding to excessive weight in a paediatric population with asthma. Training and referral guidance for healthcare professionals may help overcome weight management support challenges. Addressing family beliefs about the factors influencing paediatric asthma and exploring families? motivations for behaviour change may enhance engagement with weight management.

关键词： 触控一体机   幼儿   科学教学  

摘要： 触控一体机在幼儿教育的出现,给教育带来了全新的意义。色彩鲜明、形象新颖的多媒体技术能将幼儿难以接受的概念制作成 简单易懂的影像,帮助幼儿更有效地认识和了解社会生活中的是非善恶,用鲜明生动的形象表现出来,给幼儿们留下深刻难忘的印象。

关键词： 学前教育   科学教育   幼儿教育  

摘要： 儿童成长发展中的主要任务就是了解周围的世界.研究表明,儿童会在头脑中对"事物是这样的"形成表象认识,这些表象认知对于形成一系列的能力,如言语、社会交往、理解社会角色、分类和计划都有很重要的作用.儿童对于学习已经具有一般的观察方式,即积极的、经验性的、开放的探索.这使得科学在儿童教育中占有很重要的作用.在学前儿童科学启蒙教育中,连贯的、有顺序的科学活动成为一体化课程的核心,因为它定位于儿童所熟悉的、对他们有意义的、表层的生活内容.

关键词： 多媒体课件   科学探究   运用方法  

摘要： 随着信息技术的飞速发展,多媒体课件作为一种全新的教育手段,在幼儿园不断的推广和普及。它以其多彩的画面、美妙的音 乐,植物鲜活的生长过程,吸引了幼儿的感官,激发了他们的科学探究兴趣,让大班幼儿近距离观察多媒体课件能充分调动幼儿的兴趣。 运用多媒体播放与教学活动相关的音乐、图像、视频,可以将幼儿迅速带入活动所创设的情景中,融入学习情境中来,对大班幼儿科学探 究能力的提升起到了很好的促进和提升作用。

关键词： 建构主义   幼儿科学活动   自主探究   环境创设策略  

摘要： 幼儿科学教育作为科学教育的基础组成部分,对个体综合科学素养产生着深远影响.以"自主探究"为主要学习方式已成为一个领域内的普遍共识.结合文献与实践观察,在建构主义视域下初步论述各项支持幼儿在科学活动中进行自主探究的环境创设策略.

关键词： 沙水游戏   科学教育   水系统  

摘要： 沙水游戏包括玩沙游戏、玩水游戏、沙水结合的游戏。沙水游戏在幼儿科学教育中的价值主要体现在激发幼儿对自然界的好奇心,培养其专注度;激发其探究欲望,培养其探究能力;积累科学经验和感性认识,促进科学认知发展;帮助建立正确的科学前概念等方面。因此,应该积极利用沙水游戏来开展幼儿科学教育。