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关键词： Ultrasound   Liver   Paediatric   Diffuse hepatopathies   Focal liver lesions   Cholestasis  

摘要： Ultrasound scan is a painless and radiation-free imaging modality and, therefore, it is widely considered the first-choice diagnostic tool in the setting of hepatopathies in paediatric patients. This article focuses on the normal ultrasound anatomy of the liver in neonatal and paediatric age and reviews the ultrasound appearance of the most common diffuse and focal liver affections.

关键词： Tonsillectomy   Dissection   Radiofrequency Ablation   Pediatrics   Pain   Hemorrhage  

摘要： Background Cold dissection is the most commonly used tonsillectomy technique, with low post-operative haemorrhage rates. Coblation is an alternative technique that may cause less pain, but could have higher post-operative haemorrhage rates. Objective This study evaluated the peri-operative outcomes in paediatric tonsillectomy patients by comparing coblation and cold dissection techniques. Methods A systematic review was conducted of all comparative studies of paediatric coblation and cold dissection tonsillectomy, up to December 2018. Any studies with adults were excluded. Outcomes such as pain, operative time, and intra-operative, primary and secondary haemorrhages were recorded. Results Seven studies contributed to the summative outcome. Coblation tonsillectomy appeared to result in less pain, less intra-operative blood loss (p < 0.01) and a shorter operative time (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the two groups for post-operative haemorrhage (p > 0.05). Conclusion The coblation tonsillectomy technique may offer better peri-operative outcomes when compared to cold dissection, and should therefore be offered in paediatric cases, before cold dissection tonsillectomy.

关键词： abstract   annual meeting   International Associations for Dental Research   paediatric dentistry   publication  

摘要： The International Associations for Dental Research (IADR) annual meeting is one of the most important dental meetings throughout the world, and researches about paediatric dentistry presented in this platform are often used to guide clinical work. To evaluate the publication outcomes of oral and poster paediatric proceedings, which were accepted by the International Associations for Dental Research (IADR), annual meetings from 2010 to 2016 and to analyse the possible factors influencing an abstract's progression to publication. Oral and poster abstracts were retrieved from the official website of IADR (2010-2016). Searching for subsequent publications was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar (up to March 2019). Two authors independently selected studies, collected, and analysed data. A total of 1396 abstracts were identified, including 275 oral presentations and 1121 poster presentations. Finally, 606 were published in peer-reviewed journals, with a publication rate of 43.41%. s were published earlier if it is from Europe, well funded, presented orally, or with large sample size. The high publication rate of the IADR proceedings supported the impact of IADR annual meetings on paediatric dentistry in the last 10 years.

关键词： dental caries   health literacy   oral health   surveys and questionnaires   validation studies  

摘要： Background Oral health literacy (OHL) is associated with oral health outcomes. Aim To validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Hong Kong OHL Assessment Task for Paediatric Dentistry (HKOHLAT-P). Design We performed cross-cultural adaptation of the HKOHLAT-P. A sample of 200 pre-schoolers and caregivers from Campina Grande, Brazil completed the Brazilian HKOHLAT-P (BOHLAT-P), sociodemographic questionnaire, the Brazilian Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS), and the Brazilian Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD-30). Child dental caries was assessed. Instrument reliability was measured by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest (ICC). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated dimensionality. Regression models tested associations between BOHLAT-P and exploratory variables (P < .05). Results BOHLAT-P demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92;ICC = 0.95). BOHLAT-P and BREALD-30 scores (r = .71), number of schooling years (r = .60), and reading hours (r = .34) were positively correlated. BOHLAT-P and B-ECOHIS scores (r = -.22), and BOHLAT-P scores and number of cavitated teeth (r = -.15) were negatively correlated. After controlling for confounding variables, BOHLAT-P scores were not associated with caries or number of teeth with cavitated caries. Conclusion BOHLAT-P is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the OHL of Brazilian parents.

关键词： drug delivery   facemask seal   paediatric facemask   spacer   valved holding chamber  

摘要： Aim We compared potential differences in drug delivery between different valved holding chambers (VHCs) used by asthma patients, with and without facemasks. Methods An in vitro study design was created using a fluticasone propionate (FP) pressurised metered dose inhaler (pMDI) connected to a VHC. VHCs without facemasks and with sealed and unsealed facemasks were placed against face models that mimicked the features of a 1-year-old infant and a 4-year-old child. We analysed the amount of FP deposited on the filter in the face model after five breaths with a tidal volume of 75 mL. Results Our measurements showed significant differences in the amounts of FP deposited on the filters, even without facemasks. The amount of FP delivered through the VHC and facemask combinations differed significantly, depending on the degree of the lack of facemask to face seal. All the tested VHCs showed significantly better drug output without a facemask. Conclusion The VHC and facemasks chosen had a considerable and significant impact on FP delivery. The facemask seal should be checked whenever a VHC facemask combination is used. Young children should be taught to use the VHC mouthpiece as early as possible to optimise FP delivery and achieve more effective asthma therapy.

关键词： Out-of-field doses   Clinical measurements   Monte Carlo methods   Anthropomorphic paediatric phantom  

摘要： Purpose: To assess out-of-field doses in radiotherapy treatments of paediatric patients, using Monte Carlo methods to implement a new model of the linear accelerator validated against measurements and developing a voxelized anthropomorphic paediatric phantom. Methods: CT images of a physical anthropomorphic paediatric phantom were acquired and a dosimetric planning using a TPS was obtained. The CT images were used to perform the voxelization of the physical phantom using the ImageJ software and later implemented in MCNP. In order to validate the Monte Carlo model, dose measurements of the 6 MV beam and Linac with 120 MLC were made in a clinical setting, using ionization chambers and a water phantom. Afterwards TLD measurements in the physical anthropomorphic phantom were performed in order to assess the out-of-field doses in the eyes, thyroid, c-spine, heart and lungs. Results: The Monte Carlo model was validated for in-field and out-of-field doses with average relative differences below 3%. The average relative differences between TLD measurements and Monte Carlo is 14,3% whilst the average relative differences between TLD and TPS is 55,8%. Moreover, organs up to 22.5 cm from PTV center show TLD and MCNP6 relative differences and TLD and TPS relative differences up to 21.2% and 92.0%, respectively. Conclusions: Our study provides a novel model that could be used in clinical research, namely in dose evaluation outside the treatment fields. This is particularly relevant, especially in pediatric patients, for studying new radiotherapy treatment techniques, since it can be used to estimate the development of secondary tumours.

摘要： In 1968, the American physician Harry Shirkey coined the phrase therapeutic orphans to indicate the severe lack of effective and documented medicines for children. It stipulated that drug manufacturers with new drugs and new indications also had to investigate their value for children. [Extracted from the article]

关键词： oral pathology   paediatric oral health   paediatric oral pathology  

摘要： Background There has been no previous report of the prevalence of paediatric oral and maxillofacial pathology in a New Zealand oral pathology diagnostic service. Aim The aim of this study was to review cases of paediatric oral pathology to determine relative frequencies of oral lesions in this age group. Design Paediatric oral pathology cases (<= 15 years of age) received between 2007 and 2016 were retrieved from the electronic database of the Oral Pathology Centre, University of Otago. Data collected included diagnoses (categorised into 12 groups), age at diagnosis, and gender. The prevalence of each diagnosis was calculated in terms of percentage of all diagnoses made. Male-to-female ratio and mean age at diagnosis were also determined. Results A total of 1139 paediatric cases were identified representing 5.2% of all cases. The most common diagnostic group was salivary gland pathology (25.4%), followed by dental (24.8%) pathology. The most prevalent lesion was mucocoele (23%), followed by dental follicle (14.1%). Malignancies were rare with only two cases identified. Conclusion The findings provide an insight into the prevalence of paediatric oral pathology for clinicians. Mucocoele was the most common diagnosis made, suggesting a high prevalence of soft tissue injury as a main presenting concern warranting diagnosis and management through biopsy.