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关键词： 幼儿   科学领域   核心经验   获得方式  

摘要： 《幼儿园教育指导纲要》明确指出,幼儿培养不能与实际生活相脱离,才能使幼儿对事物产生更加强烈的好奇心,使幼儿增长更多的经验。在幼儿科学领域的学习过程中,教育者需要为幼儿进行探究活动提供良好的平台,使其掌握正确的科学探究方法,发现科学的奥秘,帮助幼儿主动获取科学经验、建构概念、形成科学情感,不断促进幼儿的成长。

关键词： 巧用图标   引导幼儿   科学   探索  

摘要： 在幼儿的科学探索当中,应用图标不仅可以直接反映出研究的问题,探究具有的过程和结果,还能够帮助幼儿形成科学的概念认知,让幼儿在交流过程当中更好地探索科学活动。另外,幼儿正处于形象思维逐步发展为抽象逻辑思维的关键阶段,但是因为认知水平存在局限性,使得很多的幼儿并不会容易接受和理解文字符号,而图标是介于感知和抽象符号之间的元素,所以这种易于揭示事物本质的图标在幼儿园的科学探究活动当中进行应用,不仅是一种有效的教学策略,也能够帮助幼儿学到更多的科学知识。本文就巧用图标引导幼儿科学探索作简要探讨。

关键词： 幼儿   科学活动   目标  

摘要： 科学活动是幼儿认识自然事物,理解生命现象和机械技术的有效途径,培养幼儿的科学素养,对幼儿的未来成长也具有重要的价值。为此,幼儿教师应当通过明确活动目标、引导幼儿自主操作等方式,提高科学活动的实施效果,助力幼儿科学素养的有效发展。

关键词： 学前教育   幼儿教学   科学探索  

摘要： 学前教学是整个素质教育的开端,也是提升学前儿童人生认知能力的基础教育,所以要得到学生家长的重视,让“生活即教育”成为学前教育阶段的现实。对于学前教育学校来说,要以生活为主要的教学背景,在生活中让学前儿童找到学习的参照,并在生活中将学习到的知识进行有效的运用,真正体现的是生活即教育的学前儿童教学培养理念。STEAM课程突出了“生活即教育”、“教育为了生活”的学前教学课程教学理念,时刻关注并利用学生的生活理念和生活体验,充分反映出学生的生活需要。

关键词： 趣味化学   幼儿   科学启蒙  

摘要： 化学知识在现阶段幼儿科学启蒙课程中一直是较为缺乏的一个短板,“魔法宝宝学堂”是吉林师范大学化学学院与吉林师范大学附属幼儿园合作开展的针对学龄前儿童的化学知识科学启蒙的系列课程。通过课程的开展,我们获得了一些实践经验,希望与其他致力于学龄前儿童化学知识推广的同行共同分享。

关键词： 问题驱动   幼儿   科学活动   实施对策  

摘要： 在学前教育阶段,随着教育改革逐渐深化,教师需要在育人思想上做出革新,注重幼儿科学思维启蒙,加强能力建设。并以此为目标导向对具体的教育举措做出革新,在问题驱动下,引导幼儿独立的思考,并自主地参与到科学活动的深入探索当中,促使其在实践探索的过程中掌握相关的科学文化内涵,让幼儿对科学产生兴趣,产生活动参与欲望。下面,主要就问题驱动下幼儿科学活动具体实施的意义展开分析,并从发现、提出、探究、解决等多个层面就问题的引导策略展开分析。

关键词： audit   disability and health   family-centred   goal   International Classification of Functioning   participation outcomes  

摘要： Background Participation outcomes and family-centred services are now widely agreed standards of care in paediatric rehabilitation. Evidence suggests that adoption of these practices into usual care has been slow internationally, and no studies of participation-focused or family-centred practices in New Zealand have been undertaken to date. The aims of this study were to identify the extent that goal setting in paediatric rehabilitation services is participation focused and family centred and to profile clinicians' beliefs about these foci. Methods Observational study including a retrospective case note audit and questionnaire. Case notes ('charts') were audited for participation-focused goal-related practice. Subgroup analysis of audit data by service, profession and child ethnicity were completed using weighted mean differences. Clinicians whose case notes were audited completed a 42-item questionnaire on factors related to practice behaviour including text responses with each item. Numerical and text data were analysed descriptively. Results Five services were recruited (N =46 clinicians) with case notes for 220 children audited. Auditors extracted 368 potentially participation-related goals (Mdn= 2 goals per child) with no goals extracted for 43 (20%) of case notes. Subsequent coding of extracted goals identified 61% reflected participation (225/368). Subgroup analysis revealed significant differences between services (p= 0.006) and professions (p< 0.001). Clinicians' reported valuing participation outcomes and family involvement and largely felt they did target participation. Skill gaps, absence of self-monitoring strategies and unsupportive professional and work cultures were cited as key challenges. Conclusions Although valued by clinicians, participation-focused practice is unusual care in paediatric rehabilitation in New Zealand. Substantial gains in the quality of care for children with disabilities could be afforded through training in collaborative goal

关键词： Rotavirus   Gastroenteritis   Diarrhea   Vaccine   Targeted vaccination  

摘要： Rotavirus gastroenteritis affects all children. Studies indicate that by the age of 5 years, almost all children have developed rotavirus antibodies. It has been estimated that in Europe, approximately 6550 children each year die as a result of rotavirus infection. Most of this mortality does not affect children from identifiable risk groups, but previously healthy infants. There is no accountable evidence on increased severity of rotavirus infection in specific risk groups, including children previously born preterm or immunocompromised children. Universal immunization in areas that have successfully achieved large coverage has greatly improved the health of children, reducing infection rates, hospitalization, and costs. Vaccination of infants with presumed high risk may be beneficial for the vaccinated individuals, and such a strategy may also be cost-effective in certain settings. Identifying all high-risk infants within the first few weeks of life is rather difficult especially in countries without primary care pediatricians and goes along with additional costs. Conclusion: Rotavirus vaccines should be recommended as a universal approach for all children and not be restricted to subgroups with assumed increased risk. Targeted vaccination could be considered as an option in countries with limited financial resources.

关键词： Idiopathic intracranial hypertension   Papilloedema   Headache  

摘要： Purpose Accurate diagnosis of pseudotumour cerebri syndrome (PTCS) in children is challenging. We aimed to see if the clinical and radiological assessment that is carried out before lumbar puncture could predict subsequently recorded CSF pressures, and thus whether it could be used to increase diagnostic certainty of paediatric PTCS. Methods We used internationally recognised diagnostic criteria to derive a list of clinical, brain neuroimaging and venography features that were accepted to be associated with a diagnosis of PTCS. We performed a retrospective cohort study of children referred to our centre with suspected PTCS, identifying the presence or absence of those features for each child at initial presentation. The sum total scores of the features that were present were correlated with the child's recorded CSF pressure. Results The sum total scores were significantly positively correlated with recorded CSF pressures. The positive correlation was seen when clinical and brain neuroimaging features were included alone, and the correlation was slightly stronger when venography features were included in addition. Conclusion Calculating the sum total of clinical, brain neuroimaging and venography features (where venography is performed) present at initial presentation can help in the management of children under investigation for PTCS. Children with high scores are more likely to have severely raised CSF pressures and thus may warrant more urgent LP investigations. By contrast, in children with subtle abnormalities in optic disc appearance such that disc oedema cannot be ruled out, a low score may add further reassurance and less urgency to proceed to LP.