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关键词： Jaya algorithm   Feature selection   Histopathological images   Tissue classification  

摘要： Due to the complex background and heterogeneous structure, classification of histopathological tissue images is a challenging problem. Further, the selection of appropriate features is an important phase of classification process as irrelevant and redundant features may result in high computation and degrade the performance. Therefore, a new adaptive jaya algorithm has been introduced in this paper which is used to obtain the prominent feature set from the extracted features. The proposed adaptive jaya algorithm modifies the updation equation using the best and the worst solutions. For the feature extraction, a pre-trained AlexNet has been used due to its distinguishing performance in the image classification. Moreover, the performance of five different classifiers have been analyzed over the selected features in context of classifying the histopathological tissue images into four categories, namely epithelium tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and muscular tissue. Experimental results validate that the proposed adaptive jaya algorithm attains better optimal values on CEC2015 functions. The proposed method eliminates 91.3% features from the extracted features which is maximum among other considered methods and also achieves high classification accuracy.

关键词： COVID-19   dementia   elderly   microglia   neurocognitive disorders   neuropathology  

摘要： The actual role of SARS-CoV-2 in brain damage remains controversial due to lack of matched controls. We aim to highlight to what extent is neuropathology determined by SARS-CoV-2 or by pre-existing conditions. Findings of 9 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 6 matched non-COVID controls (mean age 79 y/o) were compared. Brains were analyzed through immunohistochemistry to detect SARS-CoV-2, lymphocytes, astrocytes, endothelium, and microglia. A semi-quantitative scoring was applied to grade microglial activation. Thal-Braak stages and the presence of small vessel disease were determined in all cases. COVID-19 cases had a relatively short clinical course (0-32 days;mean: 10 days), and did not undergo mechanical ventilation. Five patients with neurocognitive disorder had delirium. All COVID-19 cases showed non-SARS-CoV-2-specific changes including hypoxic-agonal alterations, and a variable degree of neurodegeneration and/or pre-existent SVD. The neuroinflammatory picture was dominated by ameboid CD68 positive microglia, while only scant lymphocytic presence and very few traces of SARS-CoV-2 were detected. Microglial activation in the brainstem was significantly greater in COVID-19 cases (p = 0.046). Instead, microglial hyperactivation in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was clearly associated to AD pathology (p = 0.001), regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In COVID-19 cases complicated by delirium (all with neurocognitive disorders), there was a significant enhancement of microglia in the hippocampus (p = 0.048). Although higher in cases with both Alzheimer's pathology and COVID-19, cortical neuroinflammation is not related to COVID-19 per se but mostly to pre-existing neurodegeneration. COVID-19 brains seem to manifest a boosting of innate immunity with microglial reinforcement, and adaptive immunity suppression with low number of brain lymphocytes probably related to systemic lymphopenia. Thus, no neuropathological evidence of SARS-CoV-2-specific enc

关键词： cyto-histopathological studies   electrophoresis   heavy metals   Oreochromis niloticus  

摘要： Cytological, histopathological and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel analyses were carried out on five populations of common Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) occurring in five sites - River Nile (reference site), Bahr Yusef canal, Ibrahimia canal, Irrigation drain and El Moheet drain of El Minia Province, Egypt - to evaluate the usability of Nile tilapia as a biomonitor for water heavy metal contaminants. Water surface samples were collected from the five sites, and lead (Pb) concentration was shown to surpass the limits defined by WHO. Ni and Cd levels were shown to be elevated in Ibrahimia canal samples. Moreover, the concentration of heavy metals in fish muscles collected from Bahr Yusef canal and El Moheet drain was the highest in comparison with those of the other water sites. Cytological examinations of blood smears showed not only a significant percentage of micronuclei in Irrigation drain population but also a significant percentage of binucleated cells in Ibrahimia canal and El Moheet drain populations. In addition, pathological alteration was observed in blood cells, especially in samples collected from Irrigation drain and El Moheet drain. Histopathological changes were strongly observed in the liver and the kidneys of El Moheet and Irrigation drain population. Moreover, total protein band pattern profiles showed extra bands in both Ibrahimia canal and Irrigation drain more than that recorded for the River Nile population. In conclusion, cyto-histopathological and total protein band pattern results confirmed that O. niloticus responds sensitively to the excess of heavy metals present in the water.

关键词： Thyroid   nodule   ultrasonography   malignancy  

摘要： Thyroid nodules are less frequent in children than in adults. A higher rate of malignancy is highlighted in this group. We aimed to analyze the clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound (US) findings of children and adolescents with benign and malignant thyroid nodules. This was a retrospective review of children and adolescents evaluated at a tertiary pediatric institution between 2007 and 2019. Patients with autonomously functioning nodules, autoimmune thyroid diseases, and a history of oncohematological disorders were excluded. A total of 102 patients with 131 nodules were identified. The study population included 57 females (55.9%);the average age was 10.6 +/- 4 years. Thirty-five nodules (26.7%) ranging 4.5-36 mm had a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) done: 45.7% (n = 16) were benign, 11.4% (n = 4) were classified as atypia, and 8.5% (n = 3) were consistent with papillary carcinoma. Fourteen patients (13.7%) underwent surgery. Five (4.9%) were finally diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer. Of the 6 patients with benign FNAs, all except one, which was initially reported as atypia by an earlier FNA but was later diagnosed with papillary carcinoma, had a colloid nodular goiter. Of the 3 patients with atypia FNAs, one was found to be papillary carcinoma. One hundred twenty-five benign nodules (21 based on cytology and/or histology, 104 on clinical and imaging follow-up) were diagnosed. Nodule size, microcalcifications, solid parenchyma, and pathologic lymph node alterations were associated with malignancy, but nodule growth was not. Conclusion: Diagnostic approach and management of children with thyroid nodules should be based on a stepwise evaluation including clinical, laboratory, and US findings. Of the 102 patients identified, 4.9% had thyroid carcinoma below the range described in previous literature.

关键词： dentistry   maxillofacial surgery   temporomandibular disorders   temporomandibular joint   TMJ  

摘要： Aim The aim of this study is to show the anatomical and histological features of the displaced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc in joints with degenerative disease. Methods This study was performed on a total of 30 TMJ discs extracted from 22 patients, who underwent surgical discectomy after failure of conservative non-surgical treatment regimens to control pain and/or limited range of motion. All joints had imaging signs of an anteriorized disc position and degenerative joint disease. Samples of the extracted discs were stored in formalin, cut into 3 micron-thick sections imbedded in paraffin and processed with hematoxylin-eosin. Result All the samples present irreversible morphologic and histological alterations. The macroscopical evaluation showed that 14 discs were worn and fragmented in several parts, and one disc was perforated. Morphological alterations with deformation and degenerative signs were shown in all discs, which were all severely worn and compromised. Histologically, various alterations were found, such as pre-fibrous sclerosis with myxoid degeneration and collagen deposits (N = 25), an increase in fibro-hyaline and fibrous tissues, with loss of elasticity (N = 25), scattered calcifications (N = 15), and synovial inflammation with microvascular proliferation and increased cellularity, presence of lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasma cells (N = 18). After the intervention, all patients reported decreased pain levels and showed improved function at 6 months. Conclusion These observations suggest that degenerative joint disease is accompanied by a anteriorized discs featuring abnormal macroscopical and histological changes. From a clinical viewpoint, this may suggest that, when treatment escalation leads to consider TMJ surgery, total discectomy is the most reasonable approach.

关键词： silent sinus syndrome   microbiology   histopathology   radiology   computed tomography   septal deviation   septal spur   chronic rhinosinusitis   odontogenic sinusitis   endoscopic sinus surgery  

摘要： Background The histopathology and microbiology associated with silent sinus syndrome (SSS) have not been well described. Objective This study details the histopathological and microbiological characteristics in addition to radiographic findings of SSS in comparison to those of chronic maxillary sinusitis (CRS). Methods 42 patients diagnosed with SSS at Mayo Clinic Hospital in Arizona were identified. Paranasal computed tomography scans of the 42 SSS patients as well as 42 matched CRS patients were analyzed in order to assess differences in the prevalence of septal spurs/deviation. 20 of the SSS patients and 19 of the matched CRS patients also had histopathology and microbiology reports, which were compiled and summarized. Additionally, 19 SSS and 19 matched CRS patients were contacted via phone survey for a more complete patient history regarding maxillary dental disease/surgery. Results SSS patients have a significantly higher prevalence of septal spurs/deviation than CRS patients. The microbiomes of SSS patients more closely resemble those of healthy controls than those of CRS patients. Analysis of the histopathology of SSS reveals chronic, non-specific inflammation similar to that seen in non-eosinophilic CRS without polyps. SSS patients were significantly more likely to have a history of maxillary dental disease requiring surgery. Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of SSS is more likely due to anatomical/mechanical factors than inflammatory/microbiological factors.

关键词： cardiac development   cardiac hypertrophy   gene family   genomics   LIM domain  

摘要： LIM-domain proteins have been shown to be associated with heart development and diseases. Systematic studies of LIM family members at the genome-wide level, which are crucial to further understand their functions in cardiac hypertrophy, are currently lacking. Here, 70 LIM genes were identified and characterised in mice. The expression patterns of LIM genes differ greatly during cardiac development and in the case of hypertrophy. Both Crip2 and Xirp2 are differentially expressed in cardiac hypertrophy and during heart failure. In addition, the hypertrophic state of cardiomyocytes is controlled by the relative expression levels of Crip2 and Xirp2. This study provides a foundation for further understanding of the special roles of LIM proteins in mammalian cardiac development and hypertrophy.

关键词： endotheliopathy   fibrinogen   neutrophil   platelet   SARS-CoV-2 virus   vWF  

摘要： Aim Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is characterized by pneumonia with secondary damage to multiple organs including the liver. Liver injury (elevated alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) often correlates with disease severity in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study is to identify pathological microthrombi in COVID-19 patient livers by correlating their morphology with liver injury, and examine hyperfibrinogenemia and von Willebrand factor (vWF) as mechanisms of their formation. Methods Forty-three post-mortem liver biopsy samples from COVID-19 patients were obtained from Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital in Bergamo, Italy. Three morphological features of microthrombosis (sinusoidal erythrocyte aggregation [SEA], platelet microthrombi [PMT], and fibrous thrombi) were evaluated. Results We found liver sinusoidal microthrombosis in 23 COVID-19 patients (53%) was associated with a higher serum ALT and AST level compared to those without (ALT: 10-fold, p = 0.04;AST: 11-fold, p = 0.08). Of 43 livers, PMT and SEA were observed in 14 (33%) and 19 (44%) cases, respectively. Fibrous thrombi were not observed. Platelet microthrombi were associated with increased ALT (p < 0.01), whereas SEA was not (p = 0.73). In COVID-19 livers, strong vWF staining in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells was associated with significantly increased platelet adhesion (1.7-fold, p = 0.0016), compared to those with weak sinusoidal vWF (2-fold, p < 0.0001). Sinusoidal erythrocyte aggregation in 19 (83%) liver samples was mainly seen in zone 2. Livers with SEA had significantly higher fibrinogen (1.6-fold, p = 0.031) compared to those without SEA in COVID-19 patients. Conclusions Liver PMT is a pathologically important thrombosis associated with liver injury in COVID-19, while SEA is a unique morphological feature of COVID-19 patient livers. Sinusoidal vWF and hyperfibrinogenemia could contribute to PMT and SEA formation.

关键词： glioma   texture   histopathology   intraoperative MR   stereotaxic biopsy  

摘要： Objective To explore the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) textures and its correlation with histopathological malignancy of gliomas by magnetic resonance (MR) navigated stereotactic biopsy. Methods A total of 36 diffuse glioma cases and 64 puncture targets were included. All patients underwent a preoperative MR scan and intraoperative MR-navigated stereotactic biopsy. The histopathological diagnosis was grade II or grade III diffuse glioma. Regions of interest consistent with puncture targets were delineated on T1-weighted brain volume with gadolinium contrast enhancement images, and textures were extracted using Omni Kinetics software. Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used to analyze texture differences between grade II and grade III samples. False discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied to correct for multiple comparisons. Receiver operating characteristic curves evaluated the diagnostic value of textural analysis for grading gliomas. Correlation between MRI textures and histopathology was examined by Spearman correlation test. Results Texture features, including max intensity, 95th quantile, range, variance, standard deviation, sum variance, and cluster prominence were higher in grade III glioma targets than grade IIs, grade II gliomas showed increased uniformity and short run low gray-level emphasis values (P and qFDR(corr) < 0.05). Area under the curve was 0.887 (95% confidence interval, 0.805-0.969;P < 0.001) with combined textures in glioma grading. The listed first-order and gray-level cooccurrence matrix textures were correlated with Ki-67 labeling index. Gray-level cooccurrence matrix and gray-level run length matrix textures were correlated with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation. Conclusions Textures on T1-weighted brain volume with gadolinium contrast enhancement images differ between grade III and II gliomas and are correlated with Ki-67 labeling index and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation.