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关键词： COVID-19   SARS-CoV-2   islets   β-cell   pancreas   inflammation   diabetes   ACE2   insulin  

摘要： The widespread extrapulmonary complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have gained momentum;the pancreas is another major target for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we take a closer look into potential pathological interactions. We provide an overview of the current knowledge and understanding of SARS-CoV2 infection of the pancreas with a special focus on pancreatic islets and propose direct, indirect, and systemic mechanisms for pancreas injury as result of the COVID-19-diabetes fatal bidirectional relationship.

关键词： Muscle-invasive bladder cancer   Pathological staging   Patient outcome   Perivesical extension   Tumor invasion front  

摘要： Purpose The value of bladder cancer (BC) substaging into macroscopic (pT3b) and microscopic (pT3a) perivesical fat extension in lymph node (Ln)-negative patients is controversially discussed and limited evidence for prognostic relevance of additional histopathological factors in pT3 BC exists. We evaluated the prognostic value of pT3 substaging and established pathological and clinical parameters with focus on tumor invasive front (TIF) and tumor size. Methods Specimens of 52 patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC) for pT3 a/b muscle-invasive BC were reviewed and re-evaluated by a pathologist specialized in uropathology. Clinical variables and standard histopathologic characteristics were assessed including TIF and tumor size. Their value as prognosticators for overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was evaluated. Results Mean age of patients was 67.55 years. Tumors were staged pT3a in 28 patients (53.8%) and pT3b in 24 (46.8%). Median OS was 34.51 months. Median tumor size was 3.2 cm, median TIF was 11.0 mm. Differences in OS between pT3a and pT3b were not significant (p = 0.45). Carcinoma in situ (CIS) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were significantly associated with pT3b tumors. Univariate analysis could not identify pathological prognosticators like TIF or tumor size for OS and RFS (p for all > 0.05). Conclusion No significant differences in OS or RFS were observed comparing Ln-negative pT3 BC following radical cystectomy. Additional pathologic variables like TIF could not be identified as prognosticator. Relevance of pT3 BC substaging needs reevaluation in larger prospective cohorts.

关键词： Churg-Strauss   cryoglobulinemic vasculitis   eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis   IgA-associated vasculitis   microscopic polyangiitis   polyarteritis nodosa   vasculitis  

摘要： Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare, but severe systemic vasculitis that can affect skin and other organ systems. Diagnostic criteria have evolved, and many attempts have been made to classify the vasculitides based on clinical and/or histopathologic features, with an aim to develop standardized criteria. According to the EGPA Consensus Task Force recommendations, EGPA is a syndrome of asthma, eosinophilia, pulmonary infiltrates, and extrapulmonary vasculitis (such as cutaneous involvement with purpura). Histopathologic evidence of vasculitis in EGPA may be associated with eosinophilic infiltration and/or perivascular granulomatous inflammation. We review clinicopathologic criteria of this enigmatic vasculopathy.

关键词： AAV   acoustic startle   motor deficit   MRI   tauopathy  

摘要： Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is the most common atypical parkinsonism and exhibits hallmark symptomology including motor function impairment and dysexecutive dementia. In contrast to Parkinson's disease, the underlying pathology displays aggregation of the protein tau, which is also seen in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments for PSP, and drug discovery efforts are hindered by the lack of an animal model specific to PSP. Based on previous results and clinical pathology, it was hypothesized that viral deposition of tau in cholinergic neurons within the hindbrain would produce a tauopathy along neural connections to produce PSP-like symptomology and pathology. By using a combination of ChAT-CRE rats and CRE-dependent AAV vectors, wildtype human tau (the PSP-relevant 1N4R isoform;hTau) was expressed in hindbrain cholinergic neurons. Compared to control subjects (GFP), rats with tau expression displayed deficits in a variety of behavioural paradigms: acoustic startle reflex, marble burying, horizontal ladder and hindlimb motor reflex. Postmortem, the hTau rats had significantly reduced number of cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmentum and dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons, as well as abnormal tau deposits. This preclinical model has multiple points of convergence with the clinical features of PSP, some of which distinguish between PSP and Parkinson's disease.

关键词： Surgical Oncology   Oncology   Surgery  

摘要： Background Some subgroups of breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) show high rates of pathologic complete response (pCR) in the breast, proposing the possibility of omitting surgery. Prediction of pCR is dependent on accurate imaging methods. This study investigated whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is better than ultrasound (US) in predicting pCR in breast cancer patients receiving NACT. Methods This institutional, retrospective study enrolled breast cancer patients receiving NACT who were examined by either MRI or combined US and mammography before surgery from 2016 to 2019. Imaging findings were compared with pathologic response evaluation of the tumor. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy for prediction of pCR were calculated and compared between MRI and US. Results Among 307 patients, 151 were examined by MRI and 156 by US. In the MRI group, 37 patients (24.5 %) had a pCR compared with 51 patients (32.7 %) in the US group. Radiologic complete response (rCR) was found in 35 patients (23.2 %) in the MRI group and 26 patients (16.7 %) in the US group. In the MRI and US groups, estimates were calculated respectively for sensitivity (87.7 % vs 91.4 %), specificity (56.8 % vs 33.3 %), PPV (86.2 % vs 73.8 %), NPV (60.0 % vs 65.4 %), and accuracy (80.1 % vs 72.4 %). Conclusions In predicting pCR, MRI was more specific than US, but not sufficiently specific enough to be a valid predictor of pCR for omission of surgery. As an imaging method, MRI should be preferred when future studies investigating prediction of pCR in NACT patients are planned.

关键词： High myopia   Microvasculature   OCTA   Optic nerve head  

摘要： Purpose This study aims to investigate the early characteristics of retinochoroidal and peripapillary perfusion in non-pathological high myopia (HM) without retinopathy and compare them to the age- and sex-matched healthy subjects using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods This prospective, cross-sectional study included 35 eyes of 35 patients in the non-pathological HM group (axial length (AL) >= 26 mm) and 35 eyes of 35 subjects in the control group. OCT and OCTA were used for the assessment of vessel density, foveal avascular zone, subfoveal choroidal thickness, choriocapillaris flow area, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and optic nerve head measurements. Results The VDs of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were significantly reduced in the HM group (47.9 +/- 3.8%;47.3 +/- 6.6%) compared to the control group (50.8 +/- 2.6%;54.1 +/- 4.8%) (p < 0.001). The whole vessel density (wpVD) (53.7 +/- 2.7% vs. 56.2 +/- 2.2%) and peripapillary VD (ppVD) (56.4% (range, 45.8-60.4%) vs. 58.4% (range, 52.6-62.3%)) values were significantly lower in the HM group (p < 0.005). The inside disc vessel density (iVD) was similar in both groups (62 +/- 3.3% vs. 61.4 +/- 2.7%) (p = 0.511). Conclusion The vessel densities (VDs) of SCP and DCP, wpVD, and ppVD were lower in the non-pathological HM group, but the iVD value was similar in both groups. This suggests that the main cause of VD reduction is more likely related to globe elongation rather than reduced oxygen and nutrients due to the thinning of the posterior pole (retina, sclera, and choroid). *** registration ID NCT04631991, 11/11/2020

关键词： Hepatopancreas   Gills   Aeromonas veronii   Stenotrophomonas maltophilia  

摘要： Bacterial disease outbreaks in filter feeder bivalve Hyriopsis cumingii as water contamination become more frequent in the water ecosystem, especially in intensive aquaculture habitats. To characterize host-pathogen interactions between H. cumingii and bacterial infection, we investigated the effects of Stenotrophomonas mal-tophilia HOP3 and Aeromonas veronii GL1 on the antioxidant response, tissue invasion and transcriptome expression of H. cumingii by infectivity trials. We showed that bacterial infections resulted in tubular necrosis of the hepatopancreas and induced the acute immune response in H. cumingii. The transcriptomic study identified a total of 5957 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after A. veronii challenge. These DEGs were implicated in 302 KEGG pathways, notably in Apoptosis, Phagosome and Lysosome. The results showed that the relative expres-sions of all six immune-related DEGs were effectively stimulated with A. veronii, accompanied by tissue differ-ences. Overall, these findings will contribute to an analysis of the immune response of H. cumingii to bacterial infection at the transcriptomic level and its genomic resource for research.