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摘要： INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of bile acid diarrhea is often missed because the availability of the (75)seleno-taurohomocholic acid (SeHCAT) test is limited. We aimed to compare the biomarkers 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) with the SeHCAT test. METHODS: Patients with chronic diarrhea without intestinal resection referred for SeHCAT were prospectively recruited for this diagnostic accuracy study. Blood was sampled at fasting and after a stimulation meal with chenodeoxycholic acid. SeHCAT retention <= 10% defined bile acid diarrhea and >10% defined miscellaneous diarrhea. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were analyzed with SeHCAT as the gold standard. (NCT03059537). RESULTS: Patients with bile acid diarrhea (n = 26) had mean C4 of 30 ng/mL (95% confidence interval: 19-46) vs 8 (7-11;P < 0.001) in the miscellaneous diarrhea group (n = 45). Area under the ROC curve (ROCAUC) for C4 was 0.83 (0.72-0.93). C4 < 15 ng/mL had 85% (74%-96%) negative predictive value;C4 > 48 ng/mL had 82% (59%-100%) positive predictive value. Twenty patients had C4 values 15-48 ng/mL, of whom 11/20 had SeHCAT <= 10%. Median fasting FGF19 was 72 pg/mL (interquartile range: 53-146) vs 119 (84-240) (P = 0.004);ROCAUC was 0.71 (0.58-0.83). Stimulated FGF19 responses did not differ (P = 0.54). DISCUSSION: We identified C4 thresholds with clinically useful predictive values for the diagnosis of and screening for bile acid diarrhea in patients with chronic watery diarrhea. Further validation of the cutoff values with the placebo-controlled effect of sequestrant therapy is warranted (see Visual Abstract, Supplementary Digital Content 2, ).

关键词： Chlorophyta   Phytohormones   Biochemical stimulants   Ankistrodesmus falcatus   Lipid   Carbohydrates   Pigments  

摘要： Exogenous supplementation of phytohormones to promote the selective enrichment of biomolecules without hampering biomass production is regarded as a promising approach to improve the techno-economic feasibility of biofuels and other value-added products derived from microalgae. The present work outlines the influence of natural auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and two synthetic analogues, 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acetic acid (2,4-D) on the growth pattern and biochemical productivity of the green algaAnkistrodesmus falcatusCMSACR1001. A maximum biomass production of 431 mg L(-1)with a concomitant increase in the protein and carbohydrate content (20.2% and 49.6% DCW respectively) was achieved under supplementation of 10 mu M IAA. Biomass productivity at 1 mu M concentration was found to be comparable for both IAA and NAA (32.8 mg L-1 day(-1)and 32.4 mg L-1 day(-1)). At higher supplemented concentrations 2,4-D induced a 30-40% increase in carotenoid production and exhibited an increased lipid content of 41-47% DCW as compared with control (34.2% DCW). The current study also reports a substantial increase in the neutral lipid proportion as much as 73.9% and 79% under supplementation of NAA and 2,4-D respectively at 100 mu M. The results indicate that the auxin and its analogues under the study could increase the biomass production and favourably modulate the biochemical composition ofA. falcatus.

关键词： biochemical   coagulation   CPDA‐   1   fresh blood   hemolysis   oxidative stress  

摘要： Background Hemotherapy in ruminants is limited to whole blood transfusions, sometimes with stored blood for up to 42 days, but little attention has been given to the effect of blood storage times and recipient responses after transfusions. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the hematologic and serum biochemical effects after allogeneic blood transfusion with either fresh or stored blood in sheep. We also sought to examine hematologic and biochemical analyte changes in the store blood. Methods Eighteen sheep underwent a single phlebotomy to remove 40% of their blood volume. The sheep were divided into three experimental groups, G0, G15, and G35, which included six animals, each receiving 20 mL/kg of either fresh blood or blood stored in citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine (CPDA-1) bags for 15 and 35 days, respectively. Biochemical, hematologic, coagulation, blood gas, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress test evaluations were performed using the blood samples gathered at T0 (before transfusion), 30 minutes (T30m), 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours (T6h-T96h), 8 days (T8d), and 16 days (T16d) after transfusions. Results Sheep exhibited increases in packed cell volumes, red blood cell counts, and total hemoglobin concentrations at T30m (P < .05). G35 animals had greater plasma hemoglobin concentrations at T12h and decreased blood pH values at T6h, characterized by slight metabolic acidemia. Regarding oxidative stress, G35 animals had decreased catalase activities from T0 at T30m, T6h, T12h, and T24h, indicating that hemolysis had occurred, which was supported by concomitant increases in bilirubin. Conclusions Sheep transfused with 35-day stored blood exhibited greater hematologic, blood gas, biochemical, and oxidative alterations;however, anemic animals without comorbidities effectively reversed those alterations.

关键词： Donkey   Hematology   Biochemical parameters   Theileria equi   Babesia caballi  

摘要： Purpose Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne protozoal disease affecting horses, mules, donkeys and zebras and can lead to severe economic losses in the equine industry. There is limited information on clinical pathologic changes of equine piroplasmosis in donkeys. This study aims to investigate the impacts of babesiosis on various hematological and biochemical properties in naturally infected donkeys withTheileria equiandBabesia caballi. Methods A total of 200 apparently healthy donkeys were randomly examined for the presence of equine piroplasmosis in blood samples. Of 200 samples, 11(5.5%) animals were positive forT. equiand 3(1.5%) of the samples were infected withB. caballi.14 uninfected donkeys, were also selected as a control group. Results The results of the comparison showed that infected donkeys presented a significant elevation (P < 0.05) of total leukocyte count, number of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil, while showed a significant decreased in (P < 0.05) hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBCs), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The infected donkeys had significantly higher levels of total protein and total bilirubin (P < 0.05), whereas the amount of albumin was significantly lower in comparison to healthy animals (P < 0.05). It is interesting to note that the amounts of urea, cholesterol, creatinine, triglyceride, LDL and HDL, CK, AST, LDH, GGT, and Malondialdehyde were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in infected donkeys. Conclusions The current study describes laboratory findings in the affected donkeys which were good criteria for diagnosis and control of equine piroplasmosis in donkeys.

关键词： Chemical munitions   Hagfish   Oxidative stress   Biochemical biomarkers  

摘要： The sea bottom of the Skagerrak Strait (North Sea) contains munitions loaded with chemical warfare agents (CWA), mostly stored in shipwrecks scuttled intentionally after the end of the World War II. The munition shells inside the wrecks are in different states of deterioration and corrosion and their environmental risk potential is unknown. The Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), a sediment-dwelling chordate, was used as a model organism to study the potential impact of dumped CWA on the local ecosystem by using biochemical biomarkers. The hagfish were collected in 2017 and 2018 at three sampling sites: in the immediate vicinity of a wreck with CWA in the Skagerrak, a few kilometres from the wreck, and a reference site 21 km from the wreck, considered to be free of CWA. Significant differences were observed between the wreck site and the reference sites in the activities of glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase, while the activity levels of catalase and acetylcholinesterase were identical at all sites. The recorded differences demonstrated negative biological effects in the hagfish sampled close to the dumped chemical munitions. Due to the limited knowledge of hagfish biology and of the extent of CWA contamination in Skagerrak, the results presented here warrant more research to further elucidate the potential environmental risks of the scuttled wrecks. The usefulness of the species as a bioindicator organism is further discussed.

关键词： Boron containing compound   Halogenated boroxine   Blood parameters   Kidney   Liver  

摘要： Background: Boron and boron containing compounds are known for their biological and protective roles being non-toxic and non-mutagenic in low concentrations. Male rats were exposed to halogenated boroxine (HB), dipotassium-trioxohydroxytetrafluorotriborate K-2[B3O3F4OH], a potential new boron-containing therapeutic, aiming to determine concentrations with no adverse effects on selected serum biochemical parameters and histomorphological features. Methods: HB was prepared by reacting potassium hydrofluoride (KHF 2 ) with boric acid in molar ratios 2:3 at room temperature and its primary structure contains 4 fluorine atoms substituted in 6-membered ring. In concentrations of 10, 25, 35 and 45 mg/kg, HB was administered intraperitoneally as a single dose. Biochemical parameters were observed 24 and 96 h following the treatment. Effects of HB on biochemical blood parameters were also observed 24 h following continuous nine days application in concentrations of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally and 50 mg/kg per os. Histomorphological observation of kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs and heart was performed for all treated animals. Results: Administration of single high dose of HB (35 mg/kg-45 mg/kg) effected high levels of urea and creatinine, which indicated renal injury that appeared to be temporary. Possible cause of concern is pancreatic injury indicated by elevated levels of serum amylase in the groups of animals that received the highest dosages of the substance. Histopathological examination of selected tissues revealed mild to moderate lesions in the kidneys and livers associated with administration of HB. Conclusion: Observation of biochemical serum parameters or histopathology of examined tissues revealed no adverse effects of HB either after the administration of single dose lower than 35 mg/kg or following repeated administration at 10 mg/kg. These dosages should be further considered for potential therapeutic applications.

关键词： Antioxidant   Photosynthesis   Secondary metabolites   Solanum melongena L.   Wilt disease  

摘要： Verticillium dahliae(Kleb.) is a soil-borne pathogen able to cause yield losses in eggplant,Solanum melongenaL., one of the most important vegetable crops in the Mediterranean basin. In this study, an experiment was conducted to assess physiological and biochemical mechanisms modulating the interactions betweenS. melongenacv. Violetta di Rimini andV. dahliaestrain VdGL16 in leaves at different age (mature, intermediate and young;ML, IL and YL) up to 25 days post artificial root inoculation (dpi). At 8 dpi, infected ML showed a marked reduction of photosynthetic rate (4-fold lower than controls) associated with stomatal (reduced stomatal conductance) and mesophyll (concomitant increase of intercellular CO(2)concentration) limitations. Cell membrane integrity was compromised, and phylloptosis/death occurred. At 8 and 18 dpi, stomatal closure (-40 and - 53%, respectively) and biochemical alterations occurred in IL. At 18 dpi, the consumption of secondary metabolites suggested that antioxidant- and antimicrobial-defence responses were activated. However, photoinhibition, oxidative stress and water deficit were observed at the end of the experiment. These mechanisms were observed also in YL, as confirmed by the strong increase of tannins (+46%) followed by accumulation of other phenylpropanoids. Despite plant growth being maintained, reduction of leaf area and water deficit occurred. This study highlights the capacity of eggplant to activate dynamic biochemical mechanisms in response to fungal infection, even in susceptible genotypes, a starting point for comparisons with resistant material for selection.

关键词： biochemical analytes   plasma   pre-analytical variations   serum   stability   whole blood  

摘要： Objective A common problem in clinical laboratories is maintaining the stability of analytes during pre-analytical processes. The aim of this study was to systematically summarize the results of a set of studies about the biochemical analytes stability. Methods A literature search was performed on the Advanced search field of PubMed using the keywords: "(stability) AND (analytes OR laboratory analytes OR laboratory tests OR biochemical analytes OR biochemical tests OR biochemical laboratory tests)." A total of 56 entries were obtained. After applying the selection criteria, 20 articles were included in the study. Results In the 20 included references, up to 123 different analytes were assessed. The 34 analytes in order of the most frequently studied analytes were evaluated: Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, potassium, triglyceride, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, total cholesterol, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, sodium, calcium, gamma-glutamyltransferase, total bilirubin, urea, creatine kinase, inorganic phosphate, total protein, uric acid, amylase, chloride, high-density lipoprotein, magnesium, glucose, C-reactive protein, bicarbonate, ferritin, iron, lipase, transferrin, cobalamin, cortisol, folate, free thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Stable test results could be varied between 2 hours and 1 week according to the type of samples and/or type of blood collection tubes on a basic classification set as refrigerated or room temperature. Conclusions Biochemical analytes stability could be improved if the best pre-analytical approaches are used.

关键词： Redox status   Prevention   Natural product   Tissue damage   Acute hypermethioninemia  

摘要： We investigated the ability of tannic acid (TA) to prevent oxidative and nitrosative damage in the brain, liver, kidney, and serum of a rat model of acute hypermethioninemia. Young Wistar rats were divided into four groups: I (control), II (TA 30 mg/kg), III (methionine (Met) 0.4 g/kg + methionine sulfoxide (MetO) 0.1 g/kg), and IV (TA/Met + MetO). Rats in groups II and IV received TA orally for seven days, and rats of groups I and III received an equal volume of water. After pretreatment with TA, rats from groups II and IV received a single subcutaneous injection of Met + MetO, and were euthanized 3 h afterwards. In specific brain structures and the kidneys, we observed that Met + MetO led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrite, and lipid peroxidation levels, followed by a reduction in thiol content and antioxidant enzyme activity. On the other hand, pretreatment with TA prevented both oxidative and nitrosative damage. In the serum, Met + MetO caused a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which was again prevented by TA pretreatment. In contrast, in the liver, there was a reduction in ROS levels and an increase in total thiol content, which was accompanied by a reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the Met + MetO group, and pretreatment with TA was able to prevent only the reduction in catalase activity. Conclusively, pretreatment with TA has proven effective in preventing oxidative and nitrosative changes caused by the administration of Met + MetO, and may thus represent an adjunctive therapeutic approach for treatment of hypermethioninemia.

关键词： Lycopersicum esculeutum   Chromium stress   24-epibrassinolide   Lipid peroxidation   Antioxidants   Ascorbate-glutathione system   Glyoxalase cycles  

摘要： Brassinosteroids (BRs) are well-ascertained growth regulators that play prime roles in alleviation of a stress in plants. The current investigation determined the impact of epibrassinolide (EBR) applied as seed pretreatment on growth attributes, physiological attributes and antioxidant potential of tomato plants grown under Cr(VI) metal stress. Applications of EBR were found to be effective in improving growth of control as well as Cr-stressed plants in terms of lengths of shoot and root and their dry weights. Of the physiological parameters, stomatal conductance was the most sensitive to chromium exposure exhibiting 72.15% decline, while photosynthetic rate decreased to 33.16%. Chromium stress led to decline in non-enzymatic antioxidants like GSH by 41.85% and in total flavonoid by 69.48%. Application of EBR modulated more significantly the titres of antioxidants (glutathione, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids and activities of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase) as well as proline and glycine betaine in Cr-stressed plants compared to those in plants receiving no supply of EB. Diminution of Cr stress by EBR was also maintained by higher values of stress indices, such as flavonoids, photosynthetic pigments and reduction in malondialdehyde and H(2)O(2)levels in the Cr-treated plants than those in the controls. Restricted production of ROS and improved quenching of ROS were also recorded due to EBR application under Cr stress. At the same time, insignificant reduction in uptake of Cr was noticed due to application of EBR in leaves compared to that in roots of Cr-stressed plants. Overall, our results reveal that application of EBR can effectively act as a growth stimulant in plants subjected to Cr stress. Therefore, it can be conjectured that the interaction of 24-epibrassinolide remodulates the physiological, metabolic and defence system of the tomato thriving under chromium stre