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关键词： bioimpedance   body composition   cardiovascular events   chronic kidney disease   exercise training   hemodialysis   nutritional status   physical functioning  

摘要： Chronic inflammation, protein-energy wasting, and poor physical functioning are highly prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). These factors are associated with disability and increase of cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of exercise training during hemodialysis (HD) sessions on physical functioning, body composition, and nutritional and inflammatory status. We performed a prospective intervention study including patients on prevalent HD therapy. Patients were evaluated at baseline visit by Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy specialists and the exercise program was adapted to each patient's physical capacity. In addition to demographic, clinical, body composition and functional ability data, serum markers regarding nutritional and inflammatory status were collected at baseline and after 3 months of exercise training. We observed a significant improvement after 3-month follow-up in functional ability (6 minute walk test [6MWT] [403.15 +/- 105.4 vs 431.81 +/- 115.5 m, P < .001], sit-to-stand repetitions in 30 seconds [12.2 +/- 4.2 vs 14.1 +/- 5.0 repetitions, P = .003] and dynamometry [24.5 +/- 11.9 vs 29.5 +/- 12.5 kg, P < 0.001]), body composition with increase of body mass index (BMI) (23.7 +/- 4.4 vs 24.1 +/- 4.7 kg/m(2), P = 0.01) at the expense of lean tissue index (LTI) (14.9 +/- 3.7 vs 16.2 +/- 2.9 kg/m(2), P = 0.038) and lipid parameters with LDL-cholesterol decrease (70.2 +/- 17.9 vs 64.9 +/- 21.3 mg/dL, P = .03) and lower serum triglyceride levels (125.8 +/- 54.0 vs 108.2 +/- 44.6 mg/dL, P = .006). In addition, we found a decrease in iron (155.6 +/- 148.2 vs 116.7 +/- 110.8 mg, P = .029) and erythropoietin (117.5 +/- 84.2 vs 99.2 +/- 74.5 mu g, P = .023) requirements. The implementation of exercise training programs during HD can improve physical functioning, body composition and lipid and anemia profile. Supervised exercise programs could be included as part of HD patient care to improve physical capaci

关键词： Volatile organic compound   Hematologic profiles   Biochemical profiles   Blood cell counts   Liver function   Kidney function  

摘要： Objective: To investigate the influence of volatile organic compound (VOC) levels in blood, on hematological and serum biochemical parameters in the Canadian population. Methods: We tested the association between seven selected VOCs and hematological profiles and serum tests reflecting liver and kidney function and glucose metabolism using a cross-sectional study design in 3950 participants of the Canadian Health Measures Survey from 2012 to 2015. We used generalized linear mixed models adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, education and household income. Results: An increase in blood concentration equivalent to the geometric mean for benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, m-, p-xylenes, styrene, and total xylenes was associated with 0.68% (95% CI 0.36, 1.0) to 0.91% (95% CI 0.52, 1.3) increase in hemoglobin, and a 1.79% (95% CI 0.96, 2.62) to 4.11% (95% CI 3.11, 5.11) increase in total white blood cell count. Ethylbenzene, toluene, m-, p-xylenes and styrene were positively associated with increased platelet counts. A geometric mean increase for all VOCs was associated with decreases in creatinine. m- and p-xylenes were associated with a significant change in every measured blood cell count and liver function parameter, and in creatinine. Ethylbenzene was also positively associated with an increase in every measured hematologic parameter, two of the three liver function tests, and creatinine. Results were similar when stratified by age, but differed by smoking status and sex. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that VOCs in blood, at levels found in the Canadian population, may influence blood cell counts and indicators of liver and kidney function, including an inverse association between serum VOC and creatinine. This novel finding merits further investigation to understand the impact of VOCs on human physiology and population health.

关键词： Phenacoccus solenopsis   Insecticides resistance   Selection   Enzymes activities  

摘要： Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley is a major sap-sucking insect pest of many ornamental and agricultural crops in Pakistan. Insecticides are recommended to manage P. solenopsis but due to inappropriate use of insecticides, the resistance become the major concern. The study was conducted to investigate resistance against insecticides with different action modes (carbosulfan, clothianidin and chlorfenapyr) by selecting P. solenopsis populations successively for twelve generations with mentioned insecticides. Along with, possible biochemical mechanisms (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatases (ACP and ALP), esterase (EST) and glutathione S-transferases (GST)) were assessed. The results described very high resistance (235-fold) to carbosulfan selected pop. (Carbo-SEL G(12)) and clothianidin selected pop. (Cloth-SEL G(12)) (112-fold) and high resistance to chlorfenapyr selected pop. (Chlor-SEL G(12)) (86-fold), relative to the unselected population. The activities of AChE, ACP, ALP, EST and GST enzymes gradually increased upon selection from G(1) to G(10). The enzymes contribute in resistance of tested insecticides were following: EST (15.61 mu mol/min/mg of protein) in Carbo-SEL G(12). Whereas, AChE activity (21.5 mu mol/min/mg of protein) in Cloth-SEL G(12) and the highest ALP enzymes activity 16.57 mu mol/min/mg of protein in Chlor-SEL G(12), as compared to the unselected population. Current research suggests that the detoxifying enzymes may contribute to resistance evolvement in P. solenopsis and this information may be used for the efficient management of insecticide resistance.

摘要： The Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus can be found along the northern and northeastern coasts of Brazil. Previous studies on the clinical biochemistry of these animals were conducted in North America and the Caribbean, whereas little is known regarding these parameters in South American manatee populations. Accordingly, the objective of the present study was to examine the hematology and clinical biochemistry of Antillean manatees of different sexes and from different environments in northeast Brazil. Whole-blood and serum samples were obtained from healthy individuals. The hemogram analysis was performed and the levels of blood biochemical components were determined using an automated platform. The only statistically significant difference observed in the hemogram was a higher number of heterophils in manatees that were screened during the dry season of the year. Clinical biochemistry profiling revealed that free-ranging manatees presented lower levels of creatinine. Albumin was detected in higher concentrations in animals from rehabilitation captivity, and amylase presented higher levels in manatees that were kept in acclimation captivity. Free-ranging manatees showed higher serum aspartate aminotransferase levels than manatees in rehabilitation captivity. These results can aid veterinarians and conservation professionals in the development of better captive management procedures and in the clinical approach to manatees.

关键词： Fermentation   Glycine max   Hypoxia   Nitric oxide   Reactive oxygen species   Cell signaling  

摘要： Soil waterlogging and subsequent reoxygenation can severely impair soybean (Glycine max) growth and productivity. Here we aimed at showing the main biochemical events that occur in soybean plants during waterlogging and reoxygenation conditions. Roots and leaves were analyzed from the first hour up to ten days of waterlogging and reoxygenation imposition. During the first hours of waterlogging, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) accumulated in roots and leaves. In roots, only NO levels were persistent, while ROS peaked and decreased over time. In leaves, both ROS and NO increased and remain at high levels during the entire experiment. Despite the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased and photosynthetic pigment levels declined. The NO levels increased in response to the increment in nitrate reductase activity in the roots, while in the leaves additional biosynthetic pathways seemed to be involved. The activity of fermentative enzymes and the accumulation of lactate and ethanol occurred after a few hours of waterlogging. Regarding reoxygenation, the transient increase in ROS and NO levels were again observed in roots as well as the increase in MDA levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. In leaves, the levels of ROS and NO decreased as did the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and the MDA levels. In contrast, the levels of photosynthetic pigments increased to pre-waterlogging levels. Both the activity and products of fermentative metabolism decreased. Overall, the biochemical events in soybean plants under waterlogging and reoxygenation conditions are dynamic and change during the time course of stress.

关键词： eumelanin   iris color   melanin pathway   pheomelanin   pigmentation gene  

摘要： Eye color is determined as a polymorphism and polygenic trait. Brown is the most common eye color in the world, accounting for about 79%, blue eye color for about 8-10%, hazel for 5%, and green for 2%. Rare-colored eyes include gray and red/violet. Different factors are involved in determining eye color. The two most important factors are the iris pigment and the way light is scattered from the iris. Gene expression determines the iris pigmentation and how much melanin is present in the eye, which is the number of melanin subunits that identify eye color. The genes involved in the pigmentation of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) have a significant role;and even some genes are included only in the eye color through SNP. MicroRNAs also affect melanocyte synthesis, which is usually affected by the downregulation of essential genes involved in pigmentation. In this study, we assess the biochemical pathways of melanin synthesis, and the role of each gene in this pathway also has been examined in the signaling pathway that stimulates melanin synthesis.

关键词： Biochemical changes   Carbohydrate   Dalbergia latifolia   In vitro   Nitrate reductase activity   Somatic embryogenesis   Sugar content  

摘要： InDalbergia latifoliaRoxb. (Indian rosewood), a premium-quality vulnerable timber tree species belonging to Family Fabaceae, direct somatic embryogenesis was achieved. Immature cotyledons from green pods were collected from trees at 90 d after flowering and somatic embryo formation was achieved on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L(-1)2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 mg L(-1)kinetin. Different developmental stages, ranging from globular, heart-shaped, torpedo, and cotyledonary stage, were recorded during the complete formation of somatic embryos. Globular somatic embryos gradually converted into heart shape after 35 to 40 d, torpedo shape after 50 to 55 d, and dicotyledonary-shaped embryos after 60 d of culture. The individual isolated somatic embryos with well-developed cotyledons were transferred on medium containing 0.5 mg L(-1)benzyl adenine and 0.1 mg L(-1)abscisic acid to promote development into plantlets. Biochemical changes in soluble sugars, total carbohydrates, phenols, and nitrate reductase activity were monitored at 5-d intervals from 0 to 60 d. Soluble sugar content (%) increased from 5.26% to 28.05% during the culture period. Minimum sugar content was noted in the globular stage, followed by heart-shaped and torpedo stage and maximum sugar content was observed in cotyledonary somatic embryo stage. A similar trend was observed in total carbohydrate content also (12.83% to 41.23%). A significant variation in the phenol content and nitrate reductase activity of the somatic embryos was observed and the peak values were achieved at 35 d in phenol content (4.25%) and 30 d in nitrate reductase activity (0.79 mu mol NO(2)h(-1) g(-1)). Therefore, it was concluded that increasing levels of endogenous soluble sugar and carbohydrate play an important role during the formation of somatic embryos. These findings can be utilized to study the underlying carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolic pathways during somatic embryogenesis.

关键词： Podosphaera xanthii   (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone   Morphology   Ultrastructure   Plant defense resistance  

摘要： Cucumber powdery mildew (PM) is a destructive fungal disease which has a substantial impact on cucumber yield and quality. Our previous work has demonstrated that (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone (ATM) is an effective compound for controlling PM infected by Podosphaera xanthii in cucumber. In this study, the effect of ATM on cucumber PM was histologically investigated by observations on the morphology of the pathogenic fungus at different time points after inoculation. It was found that the ATM caused the collapse of the pathogen's conidia and mycelia structure, the cytoplasm coagulation, the reduction of the conidia germination rate, and the inhibition of the conidiophore growth, therefore, prevented the re-infection of the P. xanthii. Evaluation of the content of total phenols and flavonoids in cucumber ATM-treated leaves showed that the ATM-treatment could increase the content of total phenols and flavonoids in cucumber leaves significantly in comparison to the control. A further analysis of the contents of the compounds showed that ATM-treatment could increase the content of rutin, quercetin, hesperetin, and gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and salicylic acid. Meanwhile, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in cucumber leaves were increased slightly, but the activity of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased through ATM treatment. It should be estimated from this study that the ATM not only directly affected the growth of P. xanthii but also enhanced the cucumber plant resistance to the disease.

关键词： Non-targets   Chrysoperla carnea   Cyromazine   IGR   Resistance mechanism  

摘要： Developing an eco-friendly Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach is only possible by minimizing the use of insecticides and their effects on non-targets such as natural enemies. Chrysoperla carnea is a potential predator of several economic pests including whiteflies and aphids. C. carnea selected with cyromazine for 15 generations indicated a great increase in resistance to this Insect Growth Regulator (IGR). There was no cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and nitenpyram in Cyro-SEL population. Inheritance to cyromazine was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic. A high realized heritability (h(2)) value (0.37) confirmed more genetic variability. Synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) showed a significant involvement of P-450 monooxygenase and esterase in cyromazine resistance development. These findings are helpful to design a natural enemy-friendly IPM strategy resulting in increased survival and performance of C. carnea controlling economic pests. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bamboo leaves   Coupling catalysis   Monosaccharides   Polysaccharides   Biomass  

摘要： This study describes a promising strategy coupled heteropolyacids and enzyme to saccharification of raw bamboo leaves biomass. High yield of saccharides is scalable using this coupling technology. The phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and xylanase are adopted in this catalytic system and performed to produce xylose and polysaccharides with potential high activity. 317.7mg/g of total monosaccharides and 170.0 mg/g polysaccharides (48.7% yield of total saccharides) are achieved by H3PW12O40 under 150 degrees C for 2.0 h successively coupled 200 mu L xylanase digesting for 7.0 h. The coupling strategy of heteropolyacids and enzyme could promote respective advantages because Bronsted acid sites in PTA could regularly degrade the hemicellulose and cellulose to generate smaller molecules and successively expose more reactive sites to enzymes. DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging activities and reducing power investigations further prove the polysaccharides exhibit strong antioxidant activity compared to the concentrated vitamin C. This method may aid in fast production of monosaccharides and bio-active polysaccharides for both of healthy medicine and food industry.