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关键词： Benign prostatic hyperplasia   Ketogenic diet   Testosterone propionate   Finasteride   Prostate  

摘要： Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a urological disease characterized by proliferation of the stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate of older men. Ketogenic diet (KD) is a high fat, moderate protein and low carbohydrate diet which acts on metabolic systems through hormonal modulation and simulation amongst other mechanisms. This study investigated the effect of KD consumption in Testosterone Propionate (TP) induced BPH. Materials and methods: Twenty-Five male rats were divided into five groups of five animals each;control and KD group were administered distilled water and KD respectively, while the remaining groups were given 30 mg/kg body weight of TP subcutaneously once daily for 28 days. Thereafter, the three groups, TP, TP + Finasteride, TP + KD were administered standard rat chow, finasteride (0.1 mg/kg) and KD respectively, for 42 days prior to sacrificing the rats and their serum and prostate glands obtained for analysis. Results: Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, HMG CoA reductase, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hor-mones, Testosterone, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) concentration and Malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) while superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the TP group. These changes were reversed significantly (p < 0.05) in the finasteride and KD treatment groups. The diet also caused significant (p < 0.05) decrease in prostate weight and stromal glandular tissue. Conclusion: This study suggests that ketogenic diet consumption ameliorated prostatic hyperplasia in the rats and may be considered as an affordable and non-invasive management option for benign prostatic hyperplasia in men.

关键词： Nile tilapia   Nannochloropsis oculata   Aeromonas veronii   Immunity   Growth  

摘要： The current work was planned to assess the effects of dietary microalga, Nannochloropsis oculata (NP) on the growth indices, serum biochemistry, non-specific immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles against challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas veronii. Fish (10.21 +/- 0.28 g) were randomly divided into four treatments in triplicates and were fed on diets supplemented with different levels of NP (0, 5, 10, and 15%) for eight weeks. The results showed that the dietary 5% NP significantly improved the growth parameters (final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and total feed intake) (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased in NP-supplemented groups with respect to the control group. The serum protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin ratio) was significantly decreased by 15% NP supplemented group. Meanwhile, liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase) activities were not significantly affected by NP dietary supplementation (P < 0.05). Serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide (NO), and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) levels were significantly enhanced only in 5% NP supplemented group (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the hepatopancreatic and intestinal tissues had apparently normal histomorphology of Nile tilapia fed at 5% NP-supplemented diets. Significant upregulation of cytokines [interleukin 1beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)], with significant downregulation of the antioxidant gene [superoxide dismutase (SOD)] in 10% and 15% NP supplemented groups. Attractively, the relative level of protection (RLP) against challenge with pathogenic A. veronii was significantly elevated in 10% and 15% NP supplemented groups. Conclusively, the obtained results reflect the beneficial roles of dietary NP to improve growth and boost the immune re

关键词： Poultry waste   Feather   Valorization   Keratinase   Purification   Inhibition  

摘要： Objectives The bioaccumulation of keratinous wastes from poultry and dairy industries poses a danger of instability to the biosphere due to resistance to common proteolysis and as such, microbial- and enzyme-mediated biodegradation are discussed. Results In submerged fermentation medium,Proteus vulgarisEMB-14 utilized and efficiently degraded feather, fur and scales by secreting exogenous keratinase. The keratinase was purified 14-fold as a monomeric 49 kDa by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 anion exchange and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography. It exhibited optimum activity at pH 9.0 and 60 degrees C and was alkaline thermostable (pH 7.0-11.0), retaining 87% of initial activity after 1 h pre-incubation at 60 degrees C. The K(m)and V(max)of the keratinase with keratin azure were respectively 0.283 mg/mL and 0.241 U/mL/min. Activity ofP. vulgariskeratinase was stimulated by Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Na(+)and maintained in the presence of some denaturing agents, except beta-mercaptoethanol while Cu(2+)and Pb(2+)showed competitive and non-competitive inhibition with K(i)6.5 mM and 17.5 mM, respectively. Conclusion This purifiedP. vulgariskeratinase could be surveyed for the biotechnological transformation of bioorganic keratinous wastes into valuable products such as soluble peptides, cosmetics and biodegradable thermoplastics.

关键词： Septin   Synapse   Neuron   Development   Brain  

摘要： Septins are a highly conserved family of GTPases which are identified in diverse organisms ranging from yeast to humans. In mammals, nervous tissues abundantly contain septins and associations of septins with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease have been reported. However, roles of septins in the brain development have not been fully understood. In this study, we produced a specific antibody against mouse SEPT1 and carried out biochemical and morphological characterization of SEPT1. When the expression profile of SEPT1 during mouse brain development was analyzed by western blotting, we found that SEPT1 expression began to increase after birth and the increase continued until postnatal day 22. Subcellular fractionation of mouse brain and subsequent western blot analysis revealed the distribution of SEPT1 in synaptic fractions. Immunofluorescent analyses showed the localization of SEPT1 at synapses in primary cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. We also found the distribution of SEPT1 at synapses in mouse brain by immunohistochemistry. These results suggest that SEPT1 participates in various synaptic events such as the signaling, the neurotransmitter release, and the synapse formation/maintenance.

关键词： AST   bioaccumulation   glucose and cortisol   mortality  

摘要： The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the toxicity level of dietary and waterborne Cadmium (Cd) source on the Goldfish Carassius auratus (C. auratus) using various biochemical and microscopic shreds of evidence. C. auratus were divided into two groups based on Cadmium supplementation methods subjected to the same concentrations in the diet and water;moreover, control (Ctrl) group was set up for comparison. Dietary supplemented group (DSG) group and (Aqueous supplemented groups) ASG were supplied with 0.5% of the Cadmium. Successful completion of the study resulted in the lucrative outcomes, and we noticed significantly high concentrations of Cadmium in the gills of the ASG fish while considerably low levels in the gills of DSG. Histopathological evidence showed clear and distinct changes in the liver cells, dilated sinusoids and unusual occurrence of Kupffer cells were noticed in the AS group fish. At the same time, there were also noticeable changes in the DS group compared to CTRL. Visible changes can be seen on the outer morphology of gills, lamella of ASG and DSG both were shrunk and broken, similar changes were noticed in the muscles myoepithelium. The stress parameters were differentially expressed in both the groups;waterborne Cadmium caused a pronounced release of AST, ALT, cortisol, and glucose concentrations. Comparative mortality showed the highest death rate in the ASG fish compared to DSG fish. The present study depicts the highest toxicity of Cadmium in the soluble Addendum form moreover, administered route and time length are crucial factors.

关键词： Digestive enzyme   Liver histological changes   Nile tilapia   Water recirculating system   Vitamin B(6)requirement  

摘要： According to the importance of vitamin B-6(pyridoxine) as a water-soluble vitamin on the physiological conditions of aquatic animals, the present study aimed to investigate effects of different concentrations of this vitamin in recycle system culture water on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Treatments including 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg L(-1)vitamin B(6)were adjusted in triplicate recirculating systems. Each of the experimental tanks (100 L) was stocked 15 fingerling Nile tilapia during 60-day experimental period. According to the findings, weight gain in treatments of 30 and 40 mg L(-1)pyridoxine was significantly higher than the other treatments while blood cortisol hormone in the treatment of 40 mg L(-1)was significantly highest among the treatments. In addition, mid-intestine trypsin activity in the treatment of 40 mg L(-1)was significantly higher than the other treatments. The histological analysis of the intestine showed that the number of mucus-secreting cells significantly decreased in treatments of 30 and 40 mg L-1. Our findings here suggest that pyridoxine can possibly be absorbed by the Nile tilapia's body through culture water and it seems 20-30 mg L(-1)pyridoxine in the culture water is the optimal concentration for the Nile tilapia juveniles in recycle system culture.

关键词： Antioxidant   Heat shock protein   Immunity   Nile tilapia   Selenium nanoparticles   Spirulina  

摘要： The present investigation aimed to evaluate the influence of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) or/and spirulina (SP) on the growth, immunity, and oxidation resistance of Nile tilapia. Four groups of fish fed diets with Se-NPs or/and SP at 0 g (control), 1 g SP/kg diet (SP), 1 mg Se-NPs/kg diet (Se-NPs), and 1 g SP + 1 mg Se-NPs/kg diet (SP/Se-NPs) for 60 days. Fish fed Se-NPs or/and SP displayed significantly improved weight gain (WG) and decreased feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). The highest WG has observed in fish fed both Se-NPs and SP, while the specific growth rate was improved by feeding Se-NPs only or both Se-NPs and SP (P < 0.05). Blood albumin was increased significantly with Se-NPs with regard to the control (P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences between fish fed Se-NPs or/and SP. Blood total protein also was improved by feeding Se-NPs only or both Se-NPs and SP (P < 0.05). Further, blood immunoglobulin M was increased by feeding both Se-NPs and SP (P < 0.05), while the differences were insignificantly differing with fish fed only Se-NPs (P > 0.05). The transcription of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) genes was upregulated significantly by Se-NPs or/and SP (P < 0.05). Interestingly, TNF-alpha was significantly upregulated by SP when compared to those fed Se-NPs only or both Se-NPs and SP. However, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene transcription was downregulated by Se-NPs or/and SP (P < 0.05). Based on the measured parameters, the mixture of both Se-NPs and SP is highly recommended for the welfare of Nile tilapia.

摘要： This review serves as an introduction to a Special Issue of CBP focused on the use of reductionist approaches to explore questions in comparative biochemistry and physiology of animals. An overarching goal for research is to provide new insight and knowledge to advance the field. The significance of the research is dependent upon utilizing the most appropriate approach to get the most reliable data, which requires being knowledgeable about the experimental system and its limitations. It is not a trivial task to decide which level of biological organization is best suited to answer the question of interest, because each choice is a balance between strengths and weaknesses. Reporting caveats and limitations is perceived to detract from the definitiveness and value of a study, and so these are typically avoided, or included begrudgingly to appease a reviewer. Reductionist approaches are most valuable when the results can be translated to other biological levels of organization, providing physiological context for the work. Such extensions must also be accompanied by the appropriate assumptions and caveats arising from both the experimental system or its translation to higher levels of biological organization. In preparing this review, we seek to encourage authors to share the weaknesses and caveats in their approaches, and address the challenges associated with demonstrating the relevance of a reductionist approach to higher levels of organization.

关键词： biomarker   integrated biomarker response   pesticides pollution  

摘要： The toxic effects of an acetamiprid-based insecticide (ABI) onGambusia holbrookiwere evaluated after 24 and 96-h exposure periods. The 24 and 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of ABI were determined as 75.9 and 42.2 mg/L active ingredient (AI)/L, respectively. In addition, the activity of five biochemical marker enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), carboxylesterase (CaE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was measured after 24 and 96-h exposure to three different concentrations of the ABI to evaluate its sublethal effects. The acetamiprid concentrations in the exposure media were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our results showed that GST and LDH activities were increased and there were concentration-dependent changes in the integrated biomarker response (IBR) indexes after 24-h ABI exposure. However, the examined biomarkers were not useful for examining the effects of the ABI exposure for 96-h exposure periods, even at the highest concentration.

关键词： amino acid   biochemical composition   Black Sea   cage-cultured   fatty acid   Sparus aurata  

摘要： The aim of this study was to investigate seasonal variations of growth performance and biochemical composition, fatty and amino acids profiles of cage-cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) in the Black Sea. The research was carried out on a yearly basis in the offshore cage systems of a commercial fish farm located on the coast of Samsun province, Turkey. Fish with an initial average weight of 2.44 +/- 0.03 g reached a harvest weight of 474.60 +/- 8.64 g with a survival rate of 94.26 +/- 0.60% in 14 months. The average specific growth rate and feed conversion rate were 0.92 +/- 0.30% and 1.45 +/- 0.05 respectively. Seasonal variation of total essential and total non-essential amino acids and EAA/NEAA ratios ranged between 7.80 +/- 0.00-11.22 +/- 0.02 g/100 g, 8.19 +/- 0.00-9.94 +/- 0.01 g/100 g and 1.01 +/- 0.00-1.18 +/- 0.01 respectively (p < 0.05). The average of total omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 values were 11.63 +/- 0.68%, 24.29 +/- 0.84% and 28.78 +/- 0.17% respectively. It was determined that gilthead sea bream showed a remarkable growth performance over the 14 months period under offshore marine conditions in the Black Sea. Growth performance, biochemical composition, fatty and amino acids profiles in fish were influenced by seasonal changes of water temperature and nutritional value of the used diets. Findings of the present study provide remarkable information in terms of the year-round growth performance and meat quality of cage-cultured gilthead seabream based on a long-term evaluation throughout the full-cycle of 14-month production period of a commercial cage farm operating in offshore conditions in the Black Sea area.