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关键词： Sophora alopecuroides   botanical pesticide   mode of action   matrine   pea aphid  

摘要： BACKGROUND Sophora alopecuroidesalkaloids are the main constituents for the broad bioactivities on insect pests, especially on aphids. However, the aphicidal mode of action ofS. alopecuroidesalkaloids remains unclear. To clarify the aphicidal action, avermectin was selected as a positive control, and matrine, sophocarpine were chosen as the representative alkaloids to determine the physiological and biochemical effects on pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum). RESULTS The aphids treated by matrine and sophocarpine developed the intoxication symptoms of convulsions, paralysis, and death. However, avermectin showed no convulsions. Moreover, the two alkaloids had a significant inducing effect on glutamic acid decarboxylase, and the specific enzyme activity was 1.14-1.22 times of the control group. In the meanwhile, both matrine and sophocarpine possessed a dose-response and time-response inhibitory effect on alanine aminotransferasein vivoandin vitro. Furthermore, the glutamate content in pea aphids treated with the two alkaloids increased significantly with time, which was about 1.5-2.0 times that of the control group. Similarly, the GABA content elevated significantly, with an increase of 1.0-1.3 times. In addition, all the treatments, except avermectin, presented inhibitory effects on Na+, K+-ATPase, Ca(2+)and Mg2+-ATPase, with dose-response and time-response effect. However, the three treatments had no significant effect on acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine content. CONCLUSION The toxicological action of matrine and sophocarpine is related to the regulation on glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems and has certain similarities to that of avermectin. These findings would provide a basis for further mechanism elucidation.

关键词： Periodontitis   Photodynamic therapy   Porphyromonas gingivalis   RANK Ligand   Root planing   Scaling   Simvastatin  

摘要： Background: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT), Local Drug Delivery (LDD) of 1.2 % Simvastatin gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planning (SRP) and SRP alone in the treatment of Periodontitis using clinical, microbiological and biochemical parameters. Materials and methods: A total of 33 test sites in 11 Grade A Stage II periodontitis patients were randomly divided into three groups: GROUP I: Treated by SRP alone (SRP group);GROUP II: Treated by SRP followed by aPDT (aPDT group);GROUP III: Treated by SRP followed by single subgingival application of 1.2 % simvastatin gel (SMV group). Clinical parameters including API, PBI, PPD and RAL were assessed. Quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis was evaluated by RT-PCR technique and estimation of RANKL levels was checked by ELISA. All assessments were done at baseline and 3 months Results: All three groups showed significant reduction in the scores of clinical parameters, P. gingivalis DNA copy numbers and GCF RANKL levels at 3 months post therapy compared to baseline (p < 0.05). On comparison between the three groups, the results were non significant for all parameters both at baseline and at 3 months post therapy (p > 0.05). However slightly greater reduction was seen in the mean scores of PPD and RAL in the SMV Group and in P. gingivalis DNA copy numbers and GCF RANKL levels in aPDT group compared to the other groups although statistically non significant. A significant positive correlation(p < 0.05) was observed between P. gingivalis DNA copy numbers and PPD scores in SMV group and a significant negative correlation(p < 0.05) was observed between P. gingivalis DNA copy numbers and API & PBI scores in SRP group at 3 months follow up. Conclusions: aPDT, 1.2 % SMV local drug delivery as adjunct to SRP and SRP alone are effective in improving clinical parameters, reducing P. gingivalis DNA copy numbers and GCF RANKL levels. The superiority of one over another modality o

关键词： SOX   Post-translational modification   Stem cell   Cancer   Transcription  

摘要： Sox proteins are a family of lineage-associated transcription factors. They regulate expression of genes involved in control of self-renewal and multipotency in both developmental and adult stem cells. Overexpression of Sox proteins is frequently observed in many different human cancers. Despite their importance as therapeutic targets, Sox proteins are difficult to 'drug' using structure-based design. However, Sox protein localisation, activity and interaction partners are regulated by a plethora of post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as: phosphorylation, acetylation, sumoylation, methylation, and ubiquitylation. Here we review the various reported post-translational modifications of Sox proteins and their potential functional importance in guiding cell fate processes. The enzymes that regulate these PTMs could be useful targets for anti-cancer drug discovery.

关键词： blood biochemistry profile   general health status   nutritional status   small ruminants  

摘要： Background Reference intervals (RIs) of various blood biochemical parameters are used in assessing the clinical health and nutritional status of animals. Blood biochemical analyte RIs are not currently available in Shami goats. Objectives This study aimed to determine the RIs of selected blood biochemical analytes in Shami goats. Methods Blood from 120 animals (females N = 70;males N = 50) was used to determine the RIs of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin, fibrinogen (FIB), urea, creatinine (CRT), AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, glucose (GLU), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (CL) using commercially available kits. Results The RIs for selected blood biochemical analytes in Shami goats were: TP (34.9-83.5 g/L), ALB (22.3-55.1 g/L), globulin (9.9-50 g/L), FIB (2.19-5.45 g/L), urea (0.55-9.5 mmol/L), CRT (11.4-221 mu mol/L), aspartate aminotransferase (7.9-299 U/L), ALT (2.3-49 U/L), ALP (7.7-950 U/L), GGT (4.5-185 U/L), GLU (1.3-6.8 mmol/L), Ca (1.65-2.6 mmol/L), Na (120-180 mmol/L), K (3.7-6.3 mmol/L), CL (91.9- 125 mmol/L), and the albumin:globulin ratio (0.45-3.9). Conclusions The RIs of the selected blood biochemical analytes in Shami goats were determined in this study. These results can be used in the clinical diagnosis of diseases in Shami goats and to evaluate their general health and nutritional status.

关键词： Soil bioindicators   Enzyme   Brazilian Cerrado   Pasture  

摘要： Integrated crop, livestock, and forestry systems (iCLF) have been widely heralded as a sustainable farming method in comparison to conventional pastures. However, intensive soil use and management modify ecosystem function, particularly biogeochemical cycling. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are changes in soil chemistry or biochemistry after the conversion of pasture into iCLF in the Brazilian Cerrado. Additionally, we compared three iCLF areas initiated 3, 5, and 8 years before this study to test the effect of time since conversion to iCLF (age) on soil chemistry and biochemistry and on microbial carbon (C). Conventional pasture and native Cerrado soils were used as controls. Microbial C and biochemical activity were dependent on the plant cover and age of the iCLF, but soil physicochemical properties were sensitive only to the agroecosystem type. Enzyme activity and microbial C were higher in native Cerrado soils, followed by iCLF and pasture soils, respectively. There was an inverse relationship between iCLF age and microbial C and beta-Glucosidase and phenol oxidase activities. The results suggest that the response of the microbial community depends on the soil composition and the iCLF age. Nutrient cycling in iCLF increases with age of the system and varies by management subtype within the iCLF (i.e., forestry or grazing areas). The implementation of iCLF changes soil conditions, which generates a positive response in the microbial community. The adoption of iCLF increases microbial activity and enhances soil quality over short-medium timescales (5 years).

关键词： Corchorus olitorius   Parsley extract   Redox hemostasis   Antioxidant system   Pre-soaking  

摘要： Salinization of the agricultural soil, caused by natural factors or human activities, is one of the greatest challenges facing food production in the current time, as it negatively affects soil construction along with growth and yield of crops. In this study, an experiment was conducted on mallow plants (Corchorus olitorius L.) growing in pots to determine the effect of Na(2)SO(4)stress on growth, physio-biochemical attributes, as well as antioxidative response, and the effect of parsley extract on salinity stress. Treatments consisted of 100mM Na(2)SO(4)and 10% parsley extract as single or combined treatments. Na(2)SO(4)stress significantly reduced the plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, amino acids, glycinebetaine (GB), tannins, glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic acid (AsA), and DPPH activity, while it significantly increased soluble sugars, proteins, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), phenolics, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant activity (via phosphomolybdate assay (PMA)) and reducing power activity (RPA). Pre-soaking of mallow seeds in parsley extract enhanced growth, pigments, phenolics, tannins, CAT, GST, DPPH and RPA compared to salt-stressed plants. Integrative treatments of parsley with Na(2)SO(4)remarkably increased growth, pigments, sugars, GR, GST, DPPH and RPA of stressed plants, but these treatments declined proteins, amino acids, proline, GB, lipid peroxidation (MDA), tannins, CAT, SOD and GSH in stressed mallow plants. Moreover, priming with parsley extract restored the ionic homeostasis in salt-stressed mallow. The results of this study recommend pre-soaking of mallow seeds in parsley extract to confer mallow growth in moderate saline soils.

关键词： Dual sludge   Inoculum   Anaerobic digestion   Anaerobic activity   Lignocellulosic biomass   Methane potential  

摘要： Potential energy recovery from Napier grass biomass was evaluated in batch mode and later compared with different digestion techniques, i.e., theoretical calculation and anaerobic digester operations. In the first part, different anaerobic digester sludges from pig farm, palm oil mill, and concentrated rubber latex factory, designated as PIG, PALM, and RUB in order, were evaluated for their ability as inoculant for biochemical methane potential (BMP) study. Using the first-order and Gompertz models, PIG and RUB were found to possess highest hydrolysis and methanogenesis activities, respectively. Prior to full BMP test on real biomass, suitable inoculum to substrate ratio (ISR) was identified, where ISR >= 1 g VS(inoculum)per g VS(substrate)was found statistically equivalent for the Napier grass substrate. Results from a series of BMP assays revealed a far more superior digestibility performance of the dual sludge inoculum over the individual PIG and RUB at 32% and 49%, respectively. The protocol proposed in this study could be used as an evaluation and selection guideline for BMP inoculum. In the second part, these BMP results were compared and contrasted with the theoretical methane potential and methane yields from wet and dry Napier grass digester operations in reference to the recoverable energy of this biomass. Gap between different methods suggests rooms for improvement and utilization of the residue.

关键词： Fibrinolytic protease   Metal-organic framework   Purification   Immobilization   Fish protein waste  

摘要： A protease from Bacillus sp. CHA410 was purified and immobilized by a one-step MOF-embedded approach. The immobilized protease characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal pH activity of protease CHA410 and protease@MOF was obtained at pH 8.0 and 9.0, respectively. Thermostability results after 160 min incubation showed that a 25 and 41 % enhancement in the relative activity of protease@MOF observed at 60 and 70 degrees C, respectively, compared to free protease. Km of the free and immobilized protease@MOF in the presence of casein was 0.685 and 0.033 mg/mL, respectively. Also, Km of the free and immobilized protease@MOF in the presence of fibrin was 0.292 and 0.145 mg/mL, respectively. The Fibrinolytic activity/Caseinolytic activity ratio (F/C ratio) of the free and immobilized proteases was 0.36 and 0.43, respectively. Protease activity of both forms of the enzyme was increased in the presence of some divalent cations, including Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ ions, while it intensely diminished by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), proposed as serine-protease. A 10 and 82 % enhancement in protease activity of free and immobilized proteases was achieved in the presence of butanol, respectively. Storage stability results showed that the immobilized enzyme retained about 70 % of its original activity at the end of this period, while the free enzyme only showed 22 % of its initial activity. The hydrolysis degree of immobilized protease CHA410 in the hydrolysis of fish protein waste was obtained about 46 % after 2 h of incubation at 50 degrees C. In comparison, it was gained about 20 % for protease CHA410 at a similar situation. Finally, results indicated that the free and immobilized protease could be used in the food industry for the hydrolysis of fish protein waste.

关键词： Fecal microbiota   Metabolites   Reproductive performance   Sows   Synbiotic  

摘要： The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary synbiotic supplementation on reproductive performance, plasma indexes, and fecal microbiota composition and metabolite level in pregnant and lactating sows. Forty-eight pregnant Bama mini-pigs with 3-7 parities were randomly allocated to a control group (a basal diet), an antibiotic group (50 g/t virginiamycin), or a synbiotic group (200 mL/*** fermentation broth and 500 g/t xylo-oligosaccharides). Compared with the control group, dietary synbiotic supplementation increased the piglet survival rate and decreased colostrum somatic cell numbers, while synbiotic or antibiotic supplementation improved plasma lipid metabolism. The synbiotic supplementation increased fecal Simpson and Shannon indices, and the relative abundances of Coprococcus and Ruminococcus on day 105 of pregnancy compared with the other two groups. Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between Ruminococcus abundance and bioamine level but a negative correlation between Desulfovibrio abundance and butyrate level. These findings suggested that dietary synbiotic supplementation can improve piglet's survival and lipid metabolism by altering gut microbiota diversity and composition in pregnant and lactating sows.

关键词： beta-glucosidase   Adsorption   Cross-linked enzyme aggregates   Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) microparticles   Cellobiose   Ethanol production  

摘要： With proper design, immobilization can be useful tool to improve the stability of enzymes, and in certain cases even their activity, selectivity, productivity and economic viability. An immobilized beta-glucosidase (BGL, EC 3.***.1.21) through matrix adsorption and cross-linked enzyme aggregate (ad-CLEA) technology is presented in this work. After adsorption and precipitation, BGL was immobilized to poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) (P-GMA/EDMA) microparticles using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linker. Immobilized BGL exhibits lower apparentK(m)but much higherV(max)than that of the soluble enzyme, suggesting greater enzyme-substrate affinity and rapid velocity. Besides, ad-CLEA-BGL presents better thermostability retaining activity nearly 70% for 3 h and approximately 50% for 5 h at 70 degrees C, high operational reusability remaining more than 90% activity after nine uses and excellent storage stability holding about 95% activity after 45 days. Furthermore, the cellobiose is completely hydrolyzed within 1 h with ad-CLEA-BGL, which is significantly more efficient than soluble enzyme (about 4 h). Therefore, BGL was successfully immobilized onP(GMA/EDMA)microparticles with an ad-CLEA technology and the immobilization greatly enhances the biochemical characteristics. This work indicates promising application for ad-CLEA-BGL in utilizing agricultural remnants, bio-converting cellobiose to fermentable reducing sugar and ethanol production. [GRAPHICS] .