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关键词： antioxidants   diabetes   histopathology   kidney   L‐   alanine   lipid profile   liver  

摘要： Diabetes is a metabolic disorder whose complications are among the leading cause of death. In this study, the antidiabetic effect of L-alanine was tested in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-five male albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups viz;Group I and II: nondiabetic and diabetic controls respectively;Group III and IV: 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w. L-alanine treated, respectively;Group V: glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) treated. Weight and blood glucose were monitored during the study, while liver and kidney functions, lipid profile, and antioxidant markers were examined at the end of the study. The outcomes indicate that 300 mg/kg L-alanine resulted to a significant decrease (p < .05) in weight and blood glucose. L-alanine restored tissue antioxidants, kidney, and liver functions by improving important parameters. Histopathological studies showed the potential of L-alanine in regeneration of the islets of Langerhans. These findings suggest that L-alanine has an alleviating effect on alloxan-induced diabetes. Practical applications Several medicinal plants have been tested for their antidiabetic potentials, however, the isolation of the active compounds from these plants for medicinal use is often challenging. Here, we present data that suggests the potential use of a pure and harmless amino acid compound (L-alanine) for the management of diabetes. L-alanine is readily available, cheap and can also be found in many foods we eat. Therefore, L-alanine may be taken by diabetic patients as a food supplement for the treatment/management of diabetes or taken as part of foods rich in the amino acid such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products.

关键词： Meniscus   Spectroscopy   Near-infrared   Regression analysis   Biomedical technology  

摘要： Degenerative changes in meniscus are diagnosed during surgery by means of mechanical testing and visual evaluation. This method is qualitative and highly subjective, providing very little information on the internal state of the meniscus. Thus, there is need for novel quantitative methods that can support decision-making during arthroscopic surgery. In this study, we investigate the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for mapping the biochemical constituents of human meniscus, including water, uronic acid, and hydroxyproline contents. Partial least squares regression models were developed using data from 115 measurement locations of menisci samples extracted from 7 cadavers and 11 surgery patient donors. Model performance was evaluated using an independent test set consisting of 55 measurement locations within a meniscus sample obtained from a separate cadaver. The correlation coefficient of calibration (rho(training)), test set (rho(test)), and root-mean-squared error of test set (RMSEP) were as follows:water(rho(training)= 0.61,rho(test)= 0.39, and RMSEP = 2.27 percentage points),uronic acid(rho(training)= 0.68,rho(test)= 0.69, and RMSEP = 6.09 basis points), andhydroxyproline(rho(training)= 0.84,rho(test)= 0.58, and error = 0.54 percentage points). In conclusion, the results suggest that NIRS could enable rapid arthroscopic mapping of changes in meniscus biochemical constituents, thus providing means for quantitative assessment of meniscus degeneration.

关键词： Antioxidants  

摘要： Plant-derived bioactive peptides demonstrate great potential given their availability and cost-effectiveness. In this study, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain proteins were explored for bioactive peptides with potential health applications. Gross grain proteins were obtained through aqueous extraction, after which, trypsin hydrolysis was performed. The hydrolysis process provided high peptide yields reaching 11%. The peptide hydrolysates were evaluated for their antioxidant and metal chelating activities, DPP4 inhibition, deglycation, and antimicrobial activity. The obtained results demonstrated biological activity levels of great importance and comparable to reference molecules. To confirm the experimental results, barley grain protein sequences were simulated for hydrolysis and explored for potential bioactive peptides using the FeptideDB. Indeed, barley grain proteins contain a great diversity of bioactive peptides with various biological activities. The current data highlights the promising therapeutic application of barley-derived bioactive peptides. Further molecular and sequencing approaches are necessary to identify and characterize these peptides. Practical applications Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain proteins are widely used cereals for nutrition and beverages. Their availability and low-cost make them good sources for functional food exploration. We have described the potential of bioactive peptides obtained from barley grain proteins that have various activities including DPP4 inhibitory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, metal chelating, and deglycation activities. This data supports the potential of these peptides in biomedicine applications as a treatment option or as food supplement. Hence, the described peptide sequences could be exploited and industrialized by artificial synthesis and be proposed as food supplements or included in protein mixes for athletes.

关键词： bioactive peptides   cell envelope proteinases   food proteins   lactic acid bacteria   proteolytic enzymes  

摘要： Proteins displayed on the cell surface of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) perform diverse and important biochemical roles. Among these, the cell-envelope proteinases (CEPs) are one of the most widely studied and most exploited for biotechnological applications. CEPs are important players in the proteolytic system of LAB, because they are required by LAB to degrade proteins in the growth media into peptides and/or amino acids required for the nitrogen nutrition of LAB. The most important area of application of CEPs is therefore in protein hydrolysis, especially in dairy products. Also, the physical location of CEPs (i.e., being cell-envelope anchored) allows for relatively easy downstream processing (e.g., extraction) of CEPs. This review describes the biochemical features and organization of CEPs and how this fits them for the purpose of protein hydrolysis. It begins with a focus on the genetic organization and expression of CEPs. The catalytic behavior and cleavage specificities of CEPs from various LAB are also discussed. Following this, the extraction and purification of most CEPs reported to date is described. The industrial applications of CEPs in food technology, health promotion, as well as in the growing area of water purification are discussed. Techniques for improving the production and catalytic efficiency of CEPs are also given an important place in this review.

关键词： clinical biochemical test   hemogram test   hemolysis   hemolytic index  

摘要： Background Although the effect of hemolysis has been extensively evaluated on clinical biochemical tests, a practical guidance for laboratory staff to rapidly determine whether a hemolyzed blood sample is acceptable and how to interpret the results is lacking. Here, we introduce a chart as a convenient reference for dealing with such samples. Methods Serum samples with 0.1%, 0.3%, 1%, 3%, and 10% hemolysis were prepared from sonicated endogenous red blood cells and received 35 wet and 22 dry clinical biochemical tests, respectively. The contributing part in the biochemical test result at each hemolysis condition was derived by subtracting the original test result of this sample with no hemolysis. The net results were used for analyses and preparation of the reference chart. Results The reference chart displayed the analytically calculated hemolysis interference and related statistical analyses. The chart also provided the color appearance of serum samples at each hemolysis condition for clinical staffs to determine whether a hemolyzed sample could be accepted. Conclusion In clinical laboratories, preparation of such a reference chart is extremely useful in dealing with hemolyzed blood samples for clinical biochemical tests.

关键词： Amphora   Broiler   Dietary supplement   Growth factor   Spirulina  

摘要： Spirulina platensis(Sp) orAmphora coffeaeformis(Am) are good candidates as an in-feed antibiotic substitute for broilers. This work was performed to investigate the effects ofSpandAmon the growth performance, intestinal microbial population, physiological responses, and blood biochemical constituents in broiler chickens. Fifty-one-day old Cobb broilers (with initial body weights 50-55 g) were allocated to five groups. Each treatment group had five replicate pens with two birds each. The experiments lasted for 35 days. The 1st group had basal diet (control group). The 2nd and 3rd groups received basal diet, along with 5- or 10-g/kgSpas a feed ingredient, respectively. While the 4th and 5th groups received basal diet, along with 5- or 10-g/kgAmas a feed ingredient, respectively. Data analysis revealed significantly higher body weight gains (P <= 0.05) with higherSporAmlevels and, in turn, linear improvements (P <= 0.05) in feed conversion values. In addition, intestinalLactobacillussp. was increased, andEscherichia colipopulations were decreased by both dietarySplevels orAmlevels. Furthermore, the liver (% body weight) was significantly decreased (P <= 0.05) and the heart (% body weight) was significantly increased (P <= 0.05) with higherSporAmlevels in comparison with untreated control. In conclusion, dietary inclusion with 10 g/kg ofSpandAmcould improve the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and intestinal microbial population in broiler chickens.

关键词： schizophrenia   hyperhomocysteinemia   cobalamin   folates   personalized psychiatry  

摘要： A range of foreign studies have shown that, in schizophrenia, hyperhomocysteinemia occurs more frequently than in the general population. Hyperhomocysteinemia may be an integrated marker of folate metabolism disorders (as a result of vitamin deficiency and/or genetic predisposition) or involved in the pathogenesis of the disease through several possible molecular mechanisms. In Russia, similar studies have not been conducted. In addition, there are conflicting results of studies on genetic factors involved in folate and homocysteine metabolism in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate an association of serum homocysteine, folate, and cobalamin levels with schizophrenia in the Central part of Russia (Nizhny Novgorod region). For this purpose, 50 patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy volunteers were randomly selected. The levels of homocysteine, folates and cobalamin (B12) were measured in blood serum. The concentration of homocysteine was measured using the Cobas analyzer (Roche Diagnostics) with an enzymatic assay. The content of folate and vitamin B12 was determined by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Architect, Abbott lab. S.A). It was found that the level of homocysteine was significantly higher in the patients than in the control group (p = 0.0041), and folate levels were significantly lower (p = 0.0072). The level of homocysteine in the patients had a weak negative statistically significant correlation with both folate level (rho = -0.38;p = 0.0063) and with B12 level (rho = -0.36;p = 0.0082). Homocysteine level was significantly higher in men than in women in the entire studied population (Z = -2.1068, p = 0.0351), as well as in subgroups of patients (Z = -2.11;p = 0.035) and healthy controls (z = 3.4;p = 0.00067). The data suggest the need for further investigation of hyperhomocysteinemia and other biochemical markers of folate metabolism disorders in schizophrenia in the Russian population and the development of ways to correct

关键词： copulation   egg laying   embryonic development   Neptunea arthritica cumingii   nutritional requirements  

摘要： The copulation, egg laying, embryonic development and changes in amino acids and fatty acids inNeptunea arthritica cumingiiduring embryogenesis were studied to understand the embryo development process and nutritional requirements in the early life phase. The results showed thatN. arthritica cumingiihas direct development within the egg capsule and the development of embryos was classified into five stages: cleavage, egg swallowing, protoconch forming, shell development and juvenile. Embryos develop through the provision of nurse eggs as an extra-embryonic source of nutrition. As development continued, the body of the embryo began to coil. After about 70-80 days, *** cumingiistarted to emerge through a hole underneath the capsule. Biochemical results showed that the total amount of amino acids showed a decreasing trend as embryonic development progressed. The content of all nine essential amino acids decreased significantly from the egg-swallowing stage to the post-larva stage (p < .05). Concentrations of five of the seven nonessential amino acids also showed a decreasing trend from the egg-swallowing stage to the post-larva stage;the exceptions were Ala and Gly. Gly is the only amino acid that consistently increased in concentration during the development process. Most fatty acids increased after the eggs hatched, except for C20:1, C20:2, C22:5 and C22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). The data in this study may provide a starting point for the formulation of well-balanced early-stage larval diets, *** cumingiiis still in the exploration stage.

关键词： Mollusk   Oxidative stress   Biocide   Biomarker   Antioxidant defence  

摘要： Biological fouling is an unwanted phenomenon that results in economic losses to the shipping industry. To prevent fouling, antifouling paints are used. DCOIT (4,5- dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) is a biocide present in many antifouling paint formulations, and is toxic to a wide range of organisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of DCOIT on oxidative stress indicators of the brown mussel, Perna perna. Molecular (SOD-like, GSTO-like and MGST-like mRNA levels) and biochemical (activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and levels of glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein carbonyls (PCO)) components were evaluated. Further, levels of biomarkers were assessed in the gills and digestive glands of mussels. Bivalves were exposed to DCOIT (control, 0.1 mu g/L and 10 mu g/L) for up to 96 h. DCOIT exposure decreased GSH content in gills. Moreover, exposure to DCOIT also decreased CAT activity in the gills and digestive glands of mussels. GST activity increased in digestive gland after exposure for 24 h to both concentrations of DCOIT tested. SOD activity, ROS levels and PCO content were not affected by exposure to the contaminant. Regarding the molecular biomarkers evaluated, DCOIT exposure altered mRNA levels of SOD-like in both tissues after 24 and 96 h of exposure, and decreased MGST-like mRNA levels in the digestive gland after 96 h of exposure to the chemical. These findings suggested that exposure to DCOIT may alter the biochemical and molecular functioning of P. perna, which may harm the species.

关键词： Cereal   Protein   Fiber   Dry fractionation   Particle size   Protein solubility   Pasting properties   Emulsion  

摘要： Dry milling and air classification were applied to produce three different ingredients from wheat and rye brans. Dried and pin disc-milled brans having particle size medians of 89-131 mu m were air classified to produce protein and soluble dietary fibre-enriched hybrid ingredients (median particle size 7-9 mu m) and additionally brans were ultra-finely milled (median particle size 17-19 mu m). The samples were characterised in regard to their composition and techno-functional properties. In air classification, protein content increased from 16.4 and 14.7% to 30.9 and 30.7% for wheat and rye brans, which corresponded to protein separation efficiencies of 18.0 and 26.9%, respectively. Concurrently, the ratio between soluble and insoluble dietary fibre increased from 0.22 to 0.85 for wheat and from 0.56 to 1.75 for rye bran. The protein- and soluble dietary fibre-enriched wheat bran fraction showed improved protein solubility at alkaline pH when compared to pin disc- and ultra-finely-milled wheat bran, whereas less difference between the wheat ingredients was observed at native and acidic pH. The proteinand soluble dietary fibre-enriched rye bran fraction exhibited lower solubility than the pin disc- or ultra finely-milled rye brans at all the studied pH-values. Ultra-fine milling alone decreased protein solubility and increased damaged starch content when compared to the pin disc-milled brans. Both protein enrichment and ultra-fine milling improved colloidal stability in comparison to the pin disc-milled raw materials. The lowest water and oil binding capacities were obtained for the protein-enriched fractions. Ultrasound-assisted emulsification of the proteinand soluble dietary fibre-enriched fractions and the ultra-finely-milled brans revealed no major differences in the visual quality or stability of the emulsions. The results suggest that modification of the techno-functional properties of cereal brans may be acquired via both air classification and ultra-fine mil