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关键词： 5-HT   corticosterone   depression model   glucocorticoid   olfactory bulbectomy   UCMS  

摘要： Objective The present study was designed to explore the long-term differences between three mouse models for depression. Method In the present study, the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model, the glucocorticoid/corticosterone model, and the olfactory bulbectomy model were compared at two, three, and five weeks after model induction. Behavioral testing performed included forced-swimming, tail suspension, open-field and elevated plus-maze tests. In addition, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine levels, and mRNA and protein expressions related to 5-HT synthesis, transport, and signaling were analyzed in the hippocampus of tested animals. Results Our results revealed that each model demonstrated a specific profile of markers, whereas the stability of them differed over testing time. Conclusions Each model provided a unique set of advantages that can be considered depending on the context and aims of each study. Among the three models, the UCMS model was mostly stable and appeared to the best model for testing long-term depression-like state.

关键词： GPS   blood sampling   psychological stress   injury  

摘要： Dubois, R, Lyons, M, Paillard, T, Maurelli, O, and Prioux, J. Influence of weekly workload on physical, biochemical and psychological characteristics in professional rugby union players over a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 527-545, 2020-This study aimed to (a) quantify the physical workload (P-WL) during training and games throughout the professional rugby season and (b) analyze the influence of the season period and weekly-WL, at short (acute) and moderate (chronic) terms, on physical, biochemical, and psychological responses during the season. Physiological (physical and biochemical) responses to P-WL were analyzed by examining changes in the individual Z score of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (YYIRT), submaximal aerobic tests (5 '/5 '-test), strength tests, countermovement jump tests, blood sampling, and "recovery-stress" scores (RESTq) in 14 professional players (26.9 +/- 1.9 years). Changes throughout the season were analyzed using a linear mixed model to identify changes in P-WL, whereas repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze changes in physiological responses across the season. The relationship between P-WL and physiological responses was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). The results showed that the preseason period comprised the highest level of P-WL compared with all other blocks across the season (p < 0.001). The acute P-WL, acute competitive-WL, and number of impacts seemed to be the WL parameters, which most influenced the physiological responses (changes in testosterone [T], cortisol [C], T/C ratio, IGF-1/C ratio, strength, and RESTq index). The chronic P-WL, particularly conditioning-WL, induced positive changes in fitness characteristics (YYIRT and 5 '/5 '-test). Finally, this study provides information to players and coaches alike as to the influence of P-WL on as well as adaptations in physiological and psychological indices throughout a playing season. This information can greatly info

关键词： General Public   Elementary/Middle School Science   High School/Introductory Chemistry   First-Year Undergraduate/General   Second-Year Undergraduate   Upper Division Undergraduate   Biochemistry   Humor/Puzzles/Games   Communication/Writing   Student-Centered Learning  

摘要： Pharmacy students in a biochemistry course enhance their learning by creating cartoons on pharmaceutical topics. For each of six course assignments, students are given and reflect on a current, advanced review article. The assignment has three parts: (i) Students write a one-sentence synopsis of the article;(ii) students create a cartoon that includes speech balloons;and (iii) students ask a "How?" or "Why?" question about the topic. Students gain understanding of subject matter directly related to their major and approach the literature with creative engagement and a novel perspective.

摘要： The history of polyamines dates back to the fifteenth century when spermine was discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek [born in Delft, Holland (1632-1723)], but it took several decades before scientists got interested in understanding and unraveling the role(s) of spermine and other polyamines in the biology of living cells. Interestingly, spermine oxidase (SMOX), a FAD-containing enzyme, specifically oxidizes spermine (Spm) and its dysregulation alters polyamine homeostasis, leading to aetiology of several pathological conditions, including cancer (Casero and Pegg [12]). Long-term increased polyamine intake elevated blood spermine concentrations in humans and mice, and lifelong intake of high-polyamine chow-inhibited aging-associated aberrant DNA methylation and extended life span of mice (Soda et al. [68]). In addition to having common polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) found in living organisms, hyperthermophiles that grow above 80 °C synthesize two types of unique polyamines, long linear-chain polyamines (LCPAs) such as caldopentamine and caldohexamine, and branched-chain polyamines (BCPAs) such as I N i SP 4 sp -aminopropylnorspermidine [3(3)3], I N i SP 4 sp -aminopropylspermidine [3(3)4], and I N i SP 4 sp -bis(aminopropyl)spermidine [3(3)(3)4]. [Extracted from the article]

摘要： Soybean is the most widely grown oilseed in the world. It is an important source of protein and oil which are derived from its seeds. Drought stress is a major constraint to soybean yields. Finding alternative methods to mitigate the water stress for soybean is useful to maintain adequate crop yields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morpho-physiological, biochemical and metabolic changes in soybean plants in two ontogenetic stages, under exposure to water deficit and treatment with zinc sulphate (ZS), potassium phosphite (PP) or hydrogen sulphide (HS). We carried out two independent experiments in the V4 and R1 development stages consisting of the following treatments: well-watered control (WW, 100% maximum water holding capacity, MWHC), water deficit (WD, 50% MWHC), PP + WW, PP + WD, HS + WW, HS + WD, ZS + WW and ZS + WD. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with eight treatments with five replicates. Morphological, physiological and metabolic analyses were performed 8 days after the start of the treatments for both experiments. We identified two tolerance mechanisms acting in response to compound application during water stress: the first involved the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity and the second involved the accumulation of soluble sugars, free amino acids and proline to facilitate osmotic adjustment. Both mechanisms are related to the maintenance of the photosynthetic parameters and cell membrane integrity. This report suggests the potential agricultural use of these compounds to mitigate drought effects in soybean plants.

关键词： target engagement   target occupancy   structure-activity relationship   residence time   Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK)   covalent inhibitor   BRET   NanoBRET  

摘要： Protein kinases are intensely studied mediators of cellular signaling. While traditional biochemical screens are capable of identifying compounds that modulate kinase activity, these assays are limited in their capability of predicting compound behavior in a cellular environment. Here, we aim to bridge target engagement and compound-cellular phenotypic behavior by utilizing a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay to characterize target occupancy within living cells for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Using a diverse chemical set of BTK inhibitors, we determine intracellular engagement affinity profiles and successfully correlate these measurements with BTK cellular functional readouts. In addition, we leveraged the kinetic capability of this technology to gain insight into in-cell target residence time and the duration of target engagement, and to explore a structural hypothesis.

关键词： Dunaliella   Microalgae   High CO2 concentration   ROS   Antioxidants   Resistance  

摘要： Biological capture of CO2 using microalgae is promising approach for mitigation of excess carbon. The aim here was to study the influence of different CO2 (10, 20, and 30% v/v) concentrations as a carbon source on two indigenous isolates of Dunaliella sp. (ABRIINW-CH2 and ABRIINW-SH33) under adjusted pH. Algal growth improved at elevated concentrations of CO2. Resistance response patterns to elevated CO2 concentrations in contents of all the storage products, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, and enzymatic antioxidant activities were different in the studied isolates at different CO2 concentrations. The protein and lipids were high at 10% CO2 concentration, but carbohydrates decreased at 10% CO2 concentration, followed by decrease in protein and lipids and increase in the amount of carbohydrates at 20 and 30% CO2 concentrations. MDA and H2O2 increased significantly at 20 and 30% CO2 concentrations in both isolates, but since MDA in ABRIINW-SH33 isolate was less than that in ABRIINW-CH2 isolate, ABRIINW-SH33 had a higher tolerance to high CO2 concentrations. The increases in catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and proline are the signs of oxidative stress under elevated CO2 concentrations as well as the antioxidative responses in the isolates. In addition, quantitative real-time (qRT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed the biochemical results that elevated CO2 concentration inducted expression of SOD and CAT genes in both isolates under elevated CO2 concentrations. The results clearly showed that two isolates indicated different resistance patterns in response to elevated CO2 concentrations. The molecular and biochemical markers obtained from this study are the basic information that can be used in microalgae strain selection and improvement for CO2 capturing.

关键词： chemical biology   enzymes   fluorescent sensors  

摘要： In this review, we present an overview of the recent advances in chemical toolboxes that are used to provide insights into 'live' protein functions in living systems. Protein functions are mediated by various factors inside of cells, such as protein protein interactions, posttranslational modifications, and they are also subject to environmental factors such as pH, redox states and crowding conditions. Obtaining a true understanding of protein functions in living systems is therefore a considerably difficult task. Recent advances in research tools have allowed us to consider 'live' biochemistry as a valid approach to precisely understand how proteins function in a live cell context.