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关键词： CELLS -- Mechanical properties   BONE cells   PHYSIOLOGY   ION channels   INTEGRINS   G proteins   CYTOSKELETON   STRAIN (Physiology)   EXERCISE   GROWTH factors  

摘要： Bone has a remarkable ability to adjust its mass and architecture in response to a wide range of loads, from low-level gravitational forces to high-level impacts. A variety of types and magnitudes of mechanical stimuli have been shown to influence human bone cell metabolism in vitro, including fluid shear, tensile and compressive strain, altered gravity and vibration. Therefore, the current article aims to synthesize in vitro data regarding the cellular mechanisms underlying the response of human bone cells to mechanical loading. Current data demonstrate commonalities in response to different types of mechanical stimuli on the one hand, along with differential activation of intracellular signalling on the other. A major unanswered question is, how do bone cells sense and distinguish between different types of load? The studies included in the present article suggest that the type and magnitude of loading may be discriminated by overlapping mechanosensory mechanisms including (i) ion channels;(ii) integrins;(iii) G-proteins;and (iv) the cytoskeleton. The downstream signalling pathways identified to date appear to overlap with known growth factor and hormone signals, providing a mechanism of interaction between systemic influences and the local mechanical environment. Finally, the data suggest that exercise should emphasize the amount of load rather than the number of repetitions.

关键词： Bacillus cereus   Botrytis cinerea   超微结构   细胞生理学   拮抗机制  

摘要： 采用平板培养法和琼脂孔扩散法检测蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）B-02的抑菌活性,观察到B-02菌株及其代谢产物对灰霉病致病菌灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinerea）均有明显的、不同程度的抑菌作用,其中,不同稀释浓度*** B-02过滤液对***菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,并且起主要抑菌作用。在24～48h内B-02可以通过生防菌代谢产物在培养基中的扩散而对靶标真菌形成一定宽度的抑菌带。抑菌带旁的菌丝均不能正常向四周生长,导致菌丝在菌落中央堆积,颜色加深,呈灰褐色或黑褐色。 鉴于*** B-02胞外物质对病原真菌起主要抑菌作用,因而尝试用分离大分子蛋白质类物质常用的方法——（NH4）2SO4沉淀法和乙醇沉淀法来提取抑菌活性成分,得到的沉淀部分均无抑菌活性,观察到抑菌活性成分仍存在于上清液中。菌株发酵液在121℃高温灭菌30min后对病原菌仍具有较强的抑菌作用,说明B-02抑菌活性成分具有良好的热稳定性。 为研究培养条件对*** B-02菌株生长和抑菌活性的影响,分别采用分光光度计法、琼脂孔扩散法和杯碟法测定了B-02菌株的菌体量和抑菌活性。系统研究了B-02在不同液体培养基中的生长曲线、pH值和抑菌活性的变化,表明NB培养基较适合于液体摇培,其菌量达到高峰的时期是16h之后且抑菌带宽度达到5mm。同时,B-02菌株在装液量50ml/250ml和接种量1%（0.5ml/50ml）、摇床转速140r/min,32℃,初始pH9.0的NB培养液中振荡培养36h,其代谢产物的抑菌活性作用最为明显,较初始培养条件增加了16.2%。 借助光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,从细胞形态学和生理学水平上研究*** B-02过滤液对***的拮抗机理。结果表明,B-02的代谢物质能够明显抑制病菌孢子萌发,一定浓度下可以使菌丝畸形,细胞崩解,内含物外泄,最终导致病菌丧失繁殖能力。处理菌丝表面形态受到严重破坏,发生强烈变形;菌丝细胞核、线粒体和细胞壁等亚细胞结构发生了明显改变,细胞内出现大量无膜透明内含物,并产生较大液泡。此外,处理菌丝DNA、线粒体膜电位和活性氧荧光强度均低于对照组,且差异极显著;说明B-02菌株对病原菌菌丝细胞DNA的合成、线粒体膜电位和活性氧水平有重要影响。

关键词： 动物学  

ISBN: (纸本)7811067404

摘要： 本书是随着高等院校动物生物学和生理学教学改革,为满足动物生物学和生理学实验课程而编写的。全书内容分为动物生物学实验和生理学实验两部分,按照动物进化的主线,详细介绍了基本的动物生物学实验和生理学实验的实验目的、实验原理、操作与观察过程、注意事项等。每个实验之后列出了作业与思考题。书后的附录可供查阅和参考。 本书可作为高等院校生物科学专业、生物技术专业动物生物学实验和生理学实验的指导教材,也可作为相关管理和研究人员、中学生物学教师等的实用工具书。

关键词： 高职   人体解剖生理学   课程改革  

摘要： 高等职业技术教育侧重于培养较高层次的技术应用和管理人才，要求高职生不仅要掌握某一专业的理论知识，更重要的是具有某一岗位群所必需的生产操作和组织能力，能将技术示意图或工程图纸转化为物质实体，并能在生产现场进行技术指导和组织管理，解决生产中的实际问题目。高职教育强调培养学生实际操作能力，理论以必需、够用为度。目前，职业教育与学科教育本质及培养目标的明显差距，

关键词： 基本知识   生理学   运动生理  

ISBN: (纸本)9787500933397

摘要： 本书主要讲解身体的运动组织、梭型肌、羽状肌、多腹肌、齿状肌、能量供应系统、单个神经细胞所支配的肌肉机能等内容。

关键词： 实验   药理学   技术学校   实验心理学   教学参考资料   生理学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030228789

摘要： 本教材是医学职业专业学院规划教材的配套实验教材。教材内容主要包括生理学、药理学和心理学常用实验仪器和设备介绍、实验动物的选择和麻醉、急性动物实验的基本操作技术、实验过程、实验项目、注意事项、思考题等。实验层次分为基本实验、综合性实验、探索性实验设计。

关键词： ALT   AST   benzo[a]pyrene   cytochrome P450   olive flounder   stress response  

摘要： Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is generated by the incomplete combustion of organic substances such as oil and coal, and is a widespread organic environmental contaminant in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. To determine the effects of BaP on organisms, we investigated its time- and dose-related effects on the levels of cytochrome P4501A (P4501A) mRNA in the liver and gills of the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) and measured the plasma glucose, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The full-length olive flounder P4501A cDNA consists of 1566 nucleotides and encodes a 521-amino-acid protein. In the liver and gills, the expression of P4501A mRNA was highest 6 h after exposure to both 10 and 30 g l-1 BaP, and then decreased. In addition, the plasma parameters increased with exposure. These results suggest that P4501A plays an important role in the detoxification of BaP, which stressed the olive flounder. Therefore, these physiological parameters may be indicators of BaP-induced stress responses.

关键词： Catfishes   Loricariidae   Wood detritus   Xylivorous   Xylophagy  

摘要： Because wood is composed almost entirely of structural polysaccharides (primarily cellulose) few animals can digest it, let alone thrive on it. Most animals that do subsist on wood require endosymbiotic microorganisms in their digestive tracts to aid in the digestion of structural polysaccharides. Several species of catfishes (family Loricariidae) from the Amazonian basin (South America) were recently described as being “wood-eating”, or “xylivorous”. However, beyond some cursory analyses of gut contents and digestive enzyme activities, little is known about these animals and whether they can digest wood. In this dissertation I explored the structure and function of the digestive tract in four species of loricariid catfishes: three xylivorous species ( Panaque cf. nigrolineatus “Marañon”, P. nocturnus, and Hypostomus pyrineusi) and one detritivorous species (Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus) that represents the common feeding mode of the family. Thus, I was able to examine whether the xylivorous species had specializations of the digestive tract affording them the ability to digest wood in comparison to the non-xylivorous, detritivorous species. I measured several aspects of the fishes' gut morphology, including intestinal folding patterns, microvilli surface area, pH and redox potentials, and microbial diversity in different regions of the gut. I also measured the activity levels of 14 digestive enzymes in the guts of the fish, and determined the sources of these enzymes: endogenous (produced by the fish) vs. exogenous (produced by microbes). These data were then compared to concentrations of microbial fermentative end products, called short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and soluble carbohydrate profiles in the intestinal fluids of the fish to determine where microbes might be most active, and where nutrients were being hydrolyzed and absorbed. And finally, I measured the ability of captive fish to digest wood, to grow on it, and how quickly the fish pass wood through th

关键词： 实验   教材   高等学校   植物生理学  

ISBN: (纸本)7109124827

摘要： 本书全面地介绍了植物生理学实验及其技术，可作为高等院校生命科学类专业实验教材，也可供学生毕业论文实践及农林院校与植物生理学相关的师生和科研人员参考。

关键词： 关节软骨   延迟增强磁共振成像   磁化传递对比   磁共振成像  

摘要： 目的运用磁共振生理学成像技术,对正常及退变的兔膝关节软骨行定量测定,探讨磁共振生理学成像在检测关节软骨退变中的应用价值。资料与方法选用20只新西兰大白兔,随机分为甲、乙、丙、丁四组。甲组兔左膝关节行常规磁共振成像,扫描结束后即刻处死,取股骨髁软骨行苏木素和伊红染色(hematoxylin and eosin, HE)、阿利辛兰染色(Alcian Blue, AB)及蛋白多糖含量测定。乙、丙、丁各组每只兔左膝先进行相同常规膝关节成像及T2图成像(T2 mapping)、磁化传递对比成像(Magnetization transfer contrast,MTC),后行延迟增强磁共振成像(delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage,dGEMRIC)。后于每只兔左膝关节内注射0.2ml(10U)木瓜蛋白酶,各组分别于注射木瓜蛋白酶后24、48、72小时左膝行相同先后顺序相同MRI成像序列。扫描结束后处死动物,取左侧股骨髁部软骨行大体观察、HE、AB染色及蛋白多糖含量测定。每次MRI冠状面成像后,取左膝股骨内、外侧髁、胫骨内、外侧平台内、中、外各3个共12个感兴趣点,测定关节软骨T1、T2驰豫率及磁化传递率并取平均值,并对每组数据进行t检验,同时与蛋白多糖含量和组织学检查结果相对照。结果注射木瓜蛋白酶前蛋白多糖含量平均为5.32 ug/mg,注射后24、48小时,蛋白多糖含量分别降为1.91 ug/mg和2.52 ug/mg,与注射前比较,p值分别为0.048和0.045,统计学均有差异。注射后72小时,蛋白多糖含量平均为3.70 ug/mg,p值为0.455,统计学没有差异。组织学HE染色见注射前后软骨细胞未见明显改变,软骨表面完整。注射木瓜蛋白酶前,关节软骨AB染色深浓,注射后24、48小时,软骨AB染色均明显变浅,72小时后,软骨染色逐渐变深。T1 map图像软骨色阶由注射前的粉红色转为注射后的蓝色,注射木瓜蛋白酶后24、48、72小时的T1弛豫率分别降低了316.09ms、244.01ms和143.98ms。经t检验后,注射后24、48小时与注射前差异具有统计学意义,p值为0.047和0.045。T2图像软骨色阶由注射前的黄红色转为注射后的红色,注射木瓜蛋白酶后24、48、72小时的T2弛豫率分别升高了30.14ms,20.92ms和16.17ms。经t检验后,注射后24小时与注射前差异具有统计学意义,p值为0.04。注射木瓜蛋白酶前后相比,各组关节软骨磁化传递率不同程度地降低,以24小时后降低最明显,但各组磁化传递率注射前后相比没有统计学差异。结论本研究设计的动物模型能够成功模拟骨关节炎早期软骨生化成分的改变,为MRI探测软骨的生化改变提供了一个理想方法。本研究采用的dGEMRIC、T2 mapping及MTC成像技术能够通过定量检测T1、T2弛豫时间值和磁化传递率反映软骨退变的生化改变。