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关键词： PRIMARY VISUAL-CORTEX   GENERALIZED LINEAR-MODELS   NEURAL ENCODING MODELS   RECEPTIVE-FIELDS   AUDITORY-CORTEX   STIMULUS OPTIMIZATION   CORTICAL-NEURONS   LIKELIHOOD   INFORMATION   RESPONSES  

摘要： Adaptively optimizing experiments has the potential to significantly reduce the number of trials needed to build parametric statistical models of neural systems. However, application of adaptive methods to neurophysiology has been limited by severe computational challenges. Since most neurons are high-dimensional systems, optimizing neurophysiology experiments requires computing high-dimensional integrations and optimizations in real time. Here we present a fast algorithm for choosing the most informative stimulus by maximizing the mutual information between the data and the unknown parameters of a generalized linear model (GLM) that we want to fit to the neuron's activity. We rely on important log concavity and asymptotic normality properties of the posterior to facilitate the required computations. Our algorithm requires only low-rank matrix manipulations and a two-dimensional search to choose the optimal stimulus. The average running time of these operations scales quadratically with the dimensionality of the GLM, making real-time adaptive experimental design feasible even for high-dimensional stimulus and parameter spaces. For example, we require roughly 10 milliseconds on a desktop computer to optimize a 100-dimensional stimulus. Despite using some approximations to make the algorithm efficient, our algorithm asymptotically decreases the uncertainty about the model parameters at a rate equal to the maximum rate predicted by an asymptotic analysis. Simulation results show that picking stimuli by maximizing the mutual information can speed up convergence to the optimal values of the parameters by an order of magnitude compared to using random (nonadaptive) stimuli. Finally, applying our design procedure to real neurophysiology experiments requires addressing the nonstationarities that we would expect to see in neural responses;our algorithm can efficiently handle both fast adaptation due to spike history effects and slow, nonsystematic drifts in a neuron's activi

关键词： animal models   epithelial-neural transdifferentiation   immune adaptation   neo-oogenesis   ovarian follicular renewal   ovarian stem cells   premature ovarian failure   prime reproductive period theory   sex steroids   regenerative medicine   systemic regenerative therapy   tissue culture   totipotent stem cells  

摘要： It is still widely believed that while oocytes in invertebrates and lower vertebrates are periodically renewed throughout life, oocytes in humans and higher vertebrates are formed only during the fetal/perinatal period. However, this dogma is questioned, and clashes with Darwinian evolutionary theory. Studies of oogenesis and follicular renewal from ovarian stem cells (OSCs) in adult human ovaries, and of the role of third-party bone marrow-derived cells (monocyte-derived tissue macrophages and T lymphocytes) could help provide a better understanding of the causes of ovarian infertility, its prevention, and potential treatment. We have reported differentiation of distinct cell types from OSC and the production of new eggs in cultures derived from premenopausal and postmenopausal human ovaries. OSCs are also capable of producing neural/neuronal cells in vitro after sequential stimulation with sex steroid combinations. Hence, OSC represent a unique type of totipotent adult stem cells, which could be utilized for autologous treatment of premature ovarian failure and also for autologous stem cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases without use of allogeneic embryonic stem cells or somatic cell nuclear transfer. The in vivo application of sex steroid combinations may augment the proliferation of existing neural stem cells and their differentiation into mature neuronal cells (systemic regenerative therapy). Such treatment may also stimulate the transdifferentiation of autologous neural stem cell precursors into neural stem cells useful for topical or systemic regenerative treatment. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 87:64-89, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： 医学生理学   双语教学   高等教育  

摘要： 在我国,双语教学是指以英语为第二语言的教学,旨在使教育面向现代化,面向世界,面向未来。但在双语教学的概念、任务、师资、教学水平和方法、教材以及学生等方面还存在很多问题。经过近些年国内高等院校的不断摸索和探讨,已经取得了许多值得借鉴的经验和成绩。本文通过在新乡医学院医学本科生中实施医学生理学双语教学,总结和回顾了进行双语教学的必要性。同时对于医学生理学双语教学中的一些值得重视和注意的问题进行了理论和实践探讨。

关键词： 探究教学法   运动生理学   实验教学  

摘要： 为提高运动生理学实验教学效果,探索新教学方法的应用,提出"探究教学法"是一种有效方法,总结在教学中成功应用该法的三个环节是:1.引导自学(引发问题、启动思维、自学探究);2.实验探究(分组实验、实践尝试、训练探究);3.归纳分析(归纳整理、分析总结、深化探究),并对使用该教学法应注意的问题进行概述。

关键词： 运动生理学   内质网应激   热休克   身体运动   综述  

摘要： 各种外界环境的刺激能引起内质网内稳态失衡,发生内质网应激;内质网应激是细胞的一种自我保护性措施,以维持细胞稳态功能。受热刺激后,机体产生相应的热休克反应,诱导细胞合成应激的热休克蛋白,并提高细胞的抗损伤能力;运动也能刺激内质网发生应激反应,产生热休克蛋白,发挥对机体的保护作用。

关键词： 水产动物生理学   实验教学   改革  

摘要： 对目前《水产动物生理学》实验教学中存在的问题进行了分析,并对该课程的实验教学改革进行探讨。

关键词： 生理学   实验教学   素质教育   自主创新  

摘要： 通过学生自主设计创新实验，极大地增强了学生对理论知识的兴趣和把握，提高了学生分析和解决问题的能力，也促进了教与学的互动，能够有效地提高实验教学质量，在生理学实验教学中取得了良好效果：

关键词： 生理学   教学质量   成人教育  

摘要： 医学生理学是一门研究人体正常功能的学科,是医学高等院校成人教育的必修课程。针对在成人教育教学中面临的问题,可通过提高授课技艺、基础结合临床、改革实验教学、健全考核管理制度等方法以提高生理学的教学质量,并希望能对成人教育其他学科的教学实施有所启发,从而真正提升我国成人教育的质量,促进人类的全面发展和社会的进步。

关键词： 生理学实验课   七年制临床医疗专业   科研素质的培养  

摘要： 针对七年制临床医疗专业学生的特点,结合生理学实验课教育,采取多种措施和方法,以培养和提高学生的科研素质。

关键词： 运动生理学   实验   教学改革  

摘要： 为适应新时代素质教育对知识型、应用型等各方面人才的需要,运动生理学实验教学改革势在必行。在教学改革的过程中,我们一直在积极实践和探索如何形成更合理、更实用的实验教学体系和提高教学质量。为了更好地完善实验教学体系,保证实验课程的教学质量,我们在体育教育专业本科生的教学中,进行了一系列的实验教学改革与研究。分别从开课前的准备,实验教学内容的实施,考试评分以及教学总结进行了深入细致的改革,收到了良好的效果。