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关键词： 人体生理学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787548705260

摘要： 本书阐述人体及细胞，组织，器官等组成部分所表现的各种生命现象的活动规律和生理功龍，阐明其产生机制以及机体内外环境变化对在些活动的影响。

关键词： HUMAN physiology   COLLEGE teacher attitude   MEDICAL students   PHYSIOLOGISTS   PATHOLOGICAL physiology   STUDY & teaching   ATTITUDES  

摘要： Context. Most South African medical schools have, in the past decade, introduced changes in their curricula. In our experience we have found that such changes can affect students' knowledge and understanding of physiology. Aim. The current study was undertaken to determine the perceptions of educators regarding the impact of curricular change on the knowledge and understanding of physiology by medical students in South Africa. Methods. A survey of physiologists teaching medical students in South African medical schools was undertaken by means of a questionnaire. Results. There were 20 participants in the current study. Demographic data revealed that they came from 6 out the 8 South African medical schools;80% had PhDs;70% had been teaching physiology for more than 10 years and that a similar percentage (80%) were experienced in teaching three or more physiological systems. In addition, 20% of the current participants had additional educational qualifications. In the opinion of the physiologist educators surveyed, 60% felt that although current medical students found it more difficult to understand basic physiology concepts and that, compared with students 5-10 years ago, their knowledge of physiology was more limited, the students nevertheless were better able to integrate their physiology knowledge with clinical subject knowledge. The respondents were divided as to whether or not current medical students found it more difficult to understand pathophysiology than those students 5-10 years ago. In addition, nearly 60% of the staff surveyed were concerned that physiology, as a cognate discipline in South Africa, was under threat due to medical curricular change. Discussion and conclusion. The results of the survey provide a snapshot of the current state of medical students' knowledge and understanding of physiology in South Africa from the educators' perspective. It would be interesting to know whether the concerns raised by the participants reflect an international t

关键词： plant protein concentrates   energy budget   L   vannamei   physiology   amino acids  

摘要： This study was designed to test the effect of soy protein (SPC), wheat gluten (WHG) and potato protein (PPC), in vitro and in vivo digestibility of protein and energy in the juveniles Litopeneaus vannamei. A completely random design was used with nine 400-L tanks (with three repetitions by treatment). Ten respirometric chambers (500mL) were used for energy distribution. In vitro digestibility for SPC (8.8%) was higher than for PPC (5.8%) and for WHG (4.3%, P<0.05). Diets degree of hydrolysis ranged between 0.75% and 1.2%, with lowest value in potato protein concentrate diet (0.75 +/- 0.09%, P<0.05). No significant differences were obtained in apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) for protein (63.474.1%). ADC for amino acids ranged between 80% and 90%. Daily growth coefficient ranged from 0.86% to 1.1% day-1, being the best in soybean protein concentrate diet (SPCd) (P<0.05). Significant differences on heat increment were observed (P<0.05);highest value was in wheat gluten diet (1.0 +/- 0.1kJ shrimp day-1) that coincided with a peak of trypsin specific activity (16.5 +/- 3.7mU mg similar to protein-1). Highest retained energy for growth was observed in shrimp fed SPCd (0.7 +/- 0.03kJday-1, P<0.05). Muscle collagen content presented a minimum of bands with SPCd, whereas shrimp post-mortem collagenase activity was not affected by any of the three diets (P>0.05).

关键词： Calcium currents   Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor   Inner Auditory Hair Cells   Noise-Induced Hearing Loss   Noise exposure   Cochlear Nerve   leak conductance   MEMBRANE CAPACITANCE   Cochlea   Synapses  

摘要： The precision of sound information transmitted to the brain depends on the transfer characteristics of the inner hair cell (IHC) ribbon synapse and its multiple contacting auditory fibers. We found that brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) differentially influences IHC characteristics in the intact and injured cochlea. Using conditional knock-out mice (BDNFPax2 KO) we found that resting membrane potentials, membrane capacitance and resting linear leak conductance of adult BDNFPax2 KO IHCs showed a normal maturation. Likewise, in BDNFPax2 KO membrane capacitance (Delta C-m) as a function of inward calcium current (I-Ca) follows the linear relationship typical for normal adult IHCs. In contrast the maximal Delta C-m, but not the maximal size of the calcium current, was significantly reduced by 45% in basal but not in apical cochlear turns in (BDNFKOIHCs)-K-Pax2. Maximal Delta C-m correlated with a loss of IHC ribbons in these cochlear turns and a reduced activity of the auditory nerve (auditory brainstem response wave I). Remarkably, a noise-induced loss of IHC ribbons, followed by reduced activity of the auditory nerve and reduced centrally generated wave II and III observed in control mice, was prevented in equally noise-exposed BDNFPax2 KO mice. Data suggest that BDNF expressed in the cochlea is essential for maintenance of adult IHC transmitter release sites and that BDNF upholds opposing afferents in high-frequency turns and scales them down following noise exposure.

关键词： Thunnus maccoyii   Nutritional status   Trypsin   Chymotrypsin   Digestive physiology  

摘要： Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) ranching in South Australia is one of the most valuable finfish aquaculture industries in Australia. This industry is currently highly reliant upon the use of baitfish;however commercial pelleted diets for this species are now available. Despite the economic importance of these animals there is a general lack of knowledge regarding the digestive physiology of southern bluefin tuna. Measurement of the digestive enzymes trypsin (T), chymotrypsin (C) and calculation of T:C ratios are particularly useful in the assessment of nutritional status in fish. In this study T and C activities were measured in ranched tuna fed a vitamin (Vit) and vitamin + immunostimulant (Vit + Imm) supplemented baitfish diet for 8 weeks. Differences relating to the addition of the supplements were not observed for T, C or T:C ratios suggesting that the supplementation rates did not affect the nutritional status of the tuna or the quality of the baitfish. Trypsin activity plays a key role in the secretion of chymotrypsin and in this study a significant correlation between these enzymes was found. T, C and T: C were not associated with caecum somatic index, caecum pH, caecum temperature, stomach pH or stomach temperature. Although T and C activities are highly sensitive to feeding, activities of these enzymes did not appear to be affected by the presence of baitfish in the stomach. The presence of baitfish did not appear to affect caecum pH, caecum temperature or stomach temperature. Therefore all data were pooled and a significant correlation between caecum and stomach temperature, explained by the endothermic physiology of tuna, was observed. Significantly higher stomach pH values were associated with the presence of baitfish and an inverse relationship between stomach pH and stomach temperature was found in fish with empty stomachs but not those that had eaten. These results are indicative of a digestive strategy which employs maintenance of low stomac

关键词： nutritional homeostasis   nutritional ecology   geometric framework for nutrition   allostasis   conservation physiology  

摘要： Conservation physiology (CP) and nutritional ecology (NE) are both integrative sciences that share the fundamental aim of understanding the patterns, mechanisms and consequences of animal responses to changing environments. Here, we explore the high-level similarities and differences between CP and NE, identifying as central themes to both fields the multiple timescales over which animals adapt (and fail to adapt) to their environments, and the need for integrative models to study these processes. At one extreme are the short-term regulatory responses that modulate the state of animals in relation to the environment, which are variously considered under the concepts of homeostasis, homeorhesis, enantiostasis, heterostasis and allostasis. In the longer term are developmental responses, including phenotypic plasticity and transgenerational effects mediated by non-genomic influences such as parental physiology, epigenetic effects and cultural learning. Over a longer timescale still are the cumulative genetic changes that take place in Darwinian evolution. We present examples showing how the adaptive responses of animals across these timescales have been represented in an integrative framework from NE, the geometric framework (GF) for nutrition, and close with an illustration of how GF can be applied to the central issue in CP, animal conservation.

关键词： Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism   Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism   Animals   Calcium/metabolism   Cells, Cultured   Cryoelectron Microscopy   Female   Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism   Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/genetics   Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/immunology   Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/physiology   Mice   Mice, Inbred C57BL   Microscopy, Electron, Transmission   Mitochondria/metabolism   Mitochondria/ultrastructure   Nuclear Reprogramming/genetics   Nuclear Reprogramming/physiology   Oocytes/cytology   Oocytes/ultrastructure  

摘要： While reprogramming a foreign nucleus after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the enucleated oocyte (ooplasm) must signal that biomass and cellular requirements changed compared to the nucleus donor cell. Using cells expressing nuclear-encoded but mitochondria-targeted EGFP, a strategy was developed to directly distinguish maternal and embryonic products, testing ooplasm demands on transcriptional and post-transcriptional activity during reprogramming. Specifically, we compared transcript and protein levels for EGFP and other products in pre-implantation SCNT embryos, side-by-side to fertilized controls (embryos produced from the same oocyte pool, by intracytoplasmic injection of sperm containing the EGFP transgene). We observed that while EGFP transcript abundance is not different, protein levels are significantly lower in SCNT compared to fertilized blastocysts. This was not observed for Gapdh and Actb, whose protein reflected mRNA. This transcript-protein relationship indicates that the somatic nucleus can keep up with ooplasm transcript demands, whilst transcription and translation mismatch occurs after SCNT for certain mRNAs. We further detected metabolic disturbances after SCNT, suggesting a place among forces regulating post-transcriptional changes during reprogramming. Our observations ascribe oocyte-induced reprogramming with previously unsuspected regulatory dimensions, in that presence of functional proteins may no longer be inferred from mRNA, but rather depend on post-transcriptional regulation possibly modulated through metabolism.

关键词： 生理学实验   创新人才   培养  

摘要： 在医学高等教育中,生理学是一门重要的专业基础课程,同时也是一门实验性学科,生理学实验是生理学课程的一个重要组成部分。以往的生理学实验教学是以理论教学为依托设置实验教学内容,将实验教学完全定位于验证和巩固课堂理论教学的手段。它的缺点是验证已有知识有余而探索未知领域不足,学生被动接受有余而主动获取不足,限制了学生的创新思维和主动学习能力的发展。而当今的社会是开放的社会,是改革、创新的时代,对创新型、复合型人才的需求日益增加,以往那种传统的实验教学模式大大限制了医学教育的发展。本文就近几年实验教学中,对传统的实验教学方法进行了一些改进,对创新型教学模式进行了一些有益的探索。

关键词： 肌阵挛失神癫痫(EMA)   肌阵挛   失神   神经电生理  

摘要： 目的：提高对肌阵挛失神癫痫（EMA）的认识。方法：收集2005年3月至2011年6月确诊为EMA的患儿5例，对其临床及神经电生理特征进行回顾性分析。结果：5例患儿以2岁零4个月至5岁起病，平均起病年龄4岁。3例以肌阵挛失神（MA）为唯一或主要发作形式，2例以全身强直阵挛发作（GTCS）首发，分别于1年和3年后转变为MA；临床表现为频繁的双侧节律性肌阵挛抽动。EEG＋EMG联合检查可见在EEG双侧同步的3Hz节律性棘慢波放电的同时，同步的EMG记录可见3Hz肌阵挛电活动和逐渐增强的强直性肌肉收缩电位。过度换气试验及闪光刺激均易诱发脑电一临床发作。发作间期EEG均见全导棘慢波，2例双额区尤显。治疗主要为丙戊酸钠单药或联合其他抗癫痫药物，分别随访6个月至4年，5例均有效（4例发作控制，1例仍有些许发作伴学习困难）。结论：EMA是一种以MA为主要发作类型的儿童期癫痫综合征，EMA的诊断主要依赖于临床症状观察和EEG＋EMG记录，早期准确诊断，正确选用抗癫痫药物，有助于远期预后改善。

关键词： 杂志   主编   神经电生理学   神经病学   重大损失  

摘要： 白法毅教授是我国著名的神经病学和神经电生理学专家，生前曾任我杂志副主编、顾问，白法毅教授为我杂志的提高和发展做出了巨大贡献，他的逝世是我杂志的重大损失，对白法毅教授生前对我杂志的巨大贡献表示衷心的感谢!对白法毅教授的逝去表示沉痛的哀悼!