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关键词： 系统解剖学   组织胚胎学   教学改革   人体形态学   医学生   学科发展   学科融合  

摘要： 目的 :通过教学改革的分步实施 ,达到人体系统解剖学与组织胚胎学学科的实质性交叉融合 ,初步改变传统的系统解剖学与组织胚胎学分开教学 ,互不联系的格局。方法 :采用大小班理论教学和分别实验的教学方法对呼吸、泌尿系统进行了包括教学内容的研究、集体备课、课前预讲试讲、课堂讲授、教师和学生的问卷调查、讨论分析等步骤进行教学改革。结果 :通过两个系统的交叉融合教学探索 ,使人体形态学大体与微细的教学内容得到了较好的有机结合 ,对今后全面实施教学内容的融合 ,提高医学生人体形态学的基本理论、基本技能探索一种新的教学。结论 :人体系统解剖学与组织胚胎学教学的实质性交叉融合是可行的 。

关键词： Powerpoint   组织胚胎学   多媒体教学   理论教学  

摘要： 目的 :组胚理论课一般以教师讲解、板书、出示挂图、放幻灯等来完成 ,有许多不足。为了改变这种状态 ,试用多媒体进行理论教学。方法 :①学会软件Powerpoint的简单使用 ;②用Powerpoint进行备课 ;③对做好的课件进行链接、背景、动态、字体、颜色、大小等设置 ;④浏览课件 ;⑤教学使用 ;⑥反馈。结果 :Powerpoint能制成集文字、图形、图像、图表、声音及视频剪辑等多媒体元素于一体的课件。方便与学生交流 ,教学效果好。另一方面导入课件的图像可以从好的图谱中扫描 ,也可以从显微镜直接获取 ,因而比挂图效果好。结论 :学生喜爱用Powerpoint上课 ,但为了弥补教学中即兴板书时的不方便 ,一般在讲台上准备一只 1.5m× 1m的白板和彩笔 。

关键词： CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBP beta)   fetal programming   glucocorticoids   hepatic transdifferentiation   insulin   pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1)  

摘要： Elevated glucocorticoids are associated with low birth weight and fetal 'programming' of hypertension and glucose intolerance. In the present paper. we show that treatment of fetal rats with dexamethasone during the last week of gestation reduces the insulin content of their pancreatic beta-cells. We reproduce this effect of dexamethasone ill Vitro using or-an cultures of mouse embryonic pancreas. and show that it is associated with an elevation of expression of the transcription factor C/EBPbeta (CCAAT/ enhancer-binding, protein beta) and a reduction of the transcription factor Pdx-1 (pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1). Dexamethasone also induces the appearance of hepatocyte-like cells in organ cultures of pancreas, based on the expression of liver markers, albumin, alpha1-antitrypsin and transthyretin. Evidence that C/EBPbeta is responsible for compromising the differentiation and later function of beta-cells is obtained from its effects on the beta-cell-like cell line RIN-5F. Transfection with a constitutive form of C/EBPbeta suppresses insulin formation, whereas introduction of a dominant-negative inhibitor of C/EBPbeta has no effect. We conclude that dexamethasone inhibits insulin expression in pancreatic P-cells via a mechanism involving down-regulation of Pdx-1 and induction of C/EBP. This mechanism may operate in combination with other changes during fetal prograrnming, leading to type 2 diabetes in later life.

关键词： 组织胚胎学   《泌尿系统》   授课模式   改革   医学教育  

摘要： 目前全国高等院校正在大力进行教育改革,素质教育将最终取代应试教育.所谓素质教育,简而言之,就是以提高学生的学习能力(会学习)、处世能力(会生活)、创新能力(会创造)为目的的一种教育模式,这同过去"填鸭式"教育方式是截然不同的.为了全面提高学生的各项能力,我们在组织胚胎学授课过程中做了不懈的努力.

关键词： Xenopus   benomyl   toxicity   malformation   animal cap assay   neural inhibition  

摘要： The toxic effect of benomyl on the embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis was investigated, and the tissues most affected by benomyl were identified. The toxicity of benomyl at various concentrations (5-20 muM) was tested with the Xenopus frog embryo teratogenesis assay (FETAX), used with slight modification. All test embryos subjected to 20 muM of benomyl died, and exposure to 10 and 15 muM benomyl produced growth inhibition and 11 types of severe external malformations. Histological examination of the test embryos showed dysplasia of the brain, eyes, intestine, otic vesicle, and muscle and swelling of the pronephric ducts and integuments. Among the tissues and organs affected, malformation of neural tissue was the most severe. The presumptive ectoderm isolated from st. 9 embryo was cultured in 10 ng/mL of activin A to induce neural tissue and mesoderm. When it was cultured with 10 ng/mL of activin A in the presence of 1 and 10 muM of benomyl, neural tissue induction was inhibited more severely than that of any other tissue. The gene expression of cultivated explants was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in order to study the inhibition of neural tissue by benomyl. The results showed that with increasing benomyl concentration, the expression of the neural-specific marker NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), was more strongly inhibited than the muscle-specific marker muscle actin. Electron micrographs of test explants showed many residual yolk platelets and mitochondrial degeneration. In the present investigation the most severe toxic effects of benomyl were seen in the nerve tissues of the Xenopus embryo. This inhibition of neural development may have been caused by the inhibition of the assembly of neural microtubules and by the effect of benomyl on neuronal proliferation and migration. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： cumin   embryo explant   medicinal plants   multiple shoot regeneration   simultaneous callus formation and shoot regeneration  

摘要： A new, simple and efficient method was developed for multiple shoot regeneration of cumin from imbibed embryo cultures. This method yielded a large number of shoots within short period of time (30-50 days) without any subculturing. The effects of different media, different embryo explants and various combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on callus formation and shoot regeneration in cumin were investigated. Simultaneous callus formation and shoot regeneration was obtained. The best response for multiple shoot regeneration was observed on B5 medium containing 1.0 mg(-1) BAP, 0.2 mg(-1) NAA and 0.4 mg(-1) IAA, with an average of 140 shoots per explant.

关键词： 多媒体动画   组织胚胎学   记忆模型   课堂教学   软件工具  

摘要： 组织胚胎学是一门非常重要的医学基础课,它与解剖学、病理学、病理生理学、妇产科学、计划生育等等之间都存在着广泛而密切的联系.传统的组胚教学一般是由教师利用一些光电图像宣讲,或者在实验室组织学生使用显微镜和组织切片来观察细微结构.

摘要： An understanding of the evolutionary morphology of extraembryonic membranes in reptiles requires information about oviparous as well as viviparous species. We are studying histology and ultrastructure of the extraembryonic membranes of snakes to clarify the evolutionary history of reptilian fetal membranes, including determination of basal (ancestral) ophidian and squamate patterns. Microscopic anatomy of the membranes of oviparous corn snakes (Elaphe guttata) was examined using light and electron microscopy. At mid - development the inner surface of the eggshell is lined by two extraembryonic membranes, the chorioallantois and the omphalallantoic membrane. The chorioallantois consists of a bilayered cuboidal epithelium that overlies the allantoic blood vessels. During development, allantoic capillaries become more abundant, and the chorionic epithelium thins, decreasing the diffusion distance for respiratory gas exchange. The abembryonic pole of the egg is delimited by a bilaminar omphalopleure and isolated yolk mass, the latter of which is lined on its inner face by the allantois. The isolated yolk mass regresses developmentally, and patches of yolk droplets become isolated and surrounded by allantoic blood vessels. By late development, the abembryonic hemisphere has been fully vascularized by allantoic vessels, forming a "secondary chorioallantois." With regard to its extraembryonic membranes, Elaphe gutatta is similar to viviparous snakes. However, this species exhibits features that have not previously been reported among squamates, perhaps reflecting its oviparous reproductive habits. Morphological evidence for the uptake of eggshell material by epithelia of the chorion and omphalopleure suggests that the potential for absorption by extraembryonic membranes predates the origin of viviparity. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： 成人班   组织学与胚胎学教学   教学质量   医学教育  

摘要： 笔者在组织成人助学班(以下简称成人班)组织学与胚胎学的教学过程中,注意调动学生学习的积极性,狠抓理论课与实验课教学与管理,取得了较好的成绩.本文就此谈几点体会.