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关键词： 创新思维   胚胎学   组织学   培养   教与学   教育工作者   人才素质   创新能力  

摘要： 创新是一个民族进步的灵魂，创新能力是人才素质的重要标志。培养创新思维，是我国各级学校刻不容缓的教育使命。培养学生的创新思维，把创新思维的培养贯穿各门课程的学习中．是每一位高等教育工作者所面临的课题。本文就组织学与胚胎学教学过程中如何培养学生的创新思维进行初步探讨。

关键词： nuclear transfer   ICSI   microtubule   microfilament   oocyte   mouse  

摘要： In this study, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are used as models of agamogony and syngamy, respectively. In order to elucidate the reasons of low efficiency of somatic cell cloning, cytoskeletal and nuclear organization in cloned mouse embryos was monitored before and during the first cell cycle, and compared with the pattern of ICSI zygote. A metaphase-like spindle with alignment of condensed donor chromosomes was assembled within 3 hr after NT, followed by formation of pronuclear-like structures at 3-6 hr after activation, indicating that somatic nuclear remodeling depends on microtubular network organization. The percentage of two (pseudo-) pronuclei in cloned embryos derived from delayed activation was greater than that in immediate activation group (68.5% vs. 30.8%, P < 0.01), but similar to that of ICSI group (68.5% vs. 65.5%, P > 0.05). The 2-cell rate in NT embryos was significantly lower than that in zygotes produced by ICSI (64.8% vs. 82.5%, P < 0.01). Further studies testified that the cloned embryos reached the metaphase of the first mitosis 10 hr after activation, whereas this occurred at 18 hr in the ICSI zygotes. Comparision of the pattern of microfilament assembly in early NT embryos with that in syngamic zygotes suggested that abnormal microfilamental pattern in cloned embryos may threaten subsequent embryonic development. In conclusion, agamogony, in contrast to syngamy, displays some unique features in respect of cytoskeletal organization, the most remarkable of which is that the first cell cycle is initiated ahead distinctly, which probably leads to incomplete organization of the first mitotic spindle, and contributes to low efficiency of cloning.

关键词： .deviation   sculpin   trutta   brown trout Salmo   normoxia   embryonic development   early juvenile   normoxic   air saturation   alevins   experimental channels   Carry-over effects   Hypoxic embryos  

摘要： Laboratory experiments on brown trout (Salmo trutta) embryos suggest that sublethal stress in the gravel nest such as hypoxia may alter the behaviour and survival of fish during the early juvenile period. Eggs and embryos were incubated at constant temperature (8.2 degrees C +/- 0.6 standard deviation) under nonlethal dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (3.0 mg center dot L-1;26% air saturation level) and normoxia (10.3 mg center dot L-1 DO;90% air saturation level). The average survival from fertilization to end of embryonic development was 70% and 85% for hypoxic and normoxic groups, respectively. Hypoxic embryos grew slowly compared with their normoxic counterparts, but similar body sizes were observed when yolk-sac absorption was completed. Fish incubated as hypoxic embryos delayed their emergence from the gravel in experimental channels. In presence of freshwater sculpin (Cottus gobio), their swimming activity was reduced by 20%, on average, and predation was enhanced by 14% compared with normoxic groups. Results support the view that subtle events early in a fish's ontogeny can have carry-over effects on later periods of its life cycle, and this phenomenon may be a significant source of variation in salmonid fitness.

关键词： carbohydrates   maritime pine   maturation   polyethylene glycol   starch   storage proteins  

摘要： We compared morphogenesis and accumulation of storage proteins and starch in Pinus pinaster Ait. zygotic embryos with those in somatic embryos grown with different carbohydrate sources. The maturation medium for somatic embryos included 80 mu M abscisic acid (ABA), 9 g 1(-1) gellam gum and either glucose, sucrose or maltose at 44, 88, 175 or 263 mM in the presence or absence of 6% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 MW. Maturation medium containing 44 or 88 mM of a carbohydrate source produced only one or no cotyledonary somatic embryos per 0.6 g fresh mass of culture. The addition of PEG to the basal maturation medium resulted in a low yield of cotyledonary somatic embryos that generally showed incomplete development and anatomical abnormalities such as large intercellular spaces and large vacuoles. High concentrations of maltose also induced large intercellular spaces in the somatic ernbryonic cells, and 263 mM sucrose produced fewer and less developed cotyledonary sornatic embryos compared with 175 mM sucrose, indicating that the effect of carbohydrate source is partially osmotic. Zygotic embryos had a lower dry mass than somatic embryos at the same stage of development. Starch granules followed a similar accumulation pattern in zygotic and somatic embryos. A low starch content was found in cotyledonary zygotic embryos and in somatic embryos developed in the presence of 175 mM maltose or 263 mM glucose. In zygotic embryos and in PEG-treated somatic embryos, protein bodies appeared later and were smaller and fewer than in well-developed somatic embryos grown without PEG. We propose that storage protein concentration might be a marker of embryo quality.

关键词： 血管内皮细胞   组织工程化   胚胎干细胞   血管构建   细胞诱导分化   体外培养扩增   种子细胞   血管壁细胞  

摘要： 血管组织工程学是将体外培养扩增的血管壁细胞（包括内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞、成纤维细饱），种植于天然或人工合成的细胞外基质上，经体外培养后，再移植到体内，以替代病损的血管组织。而长久以来限制工程化组织研究的一个关键问题是种子细胞的来源的问题．胚胎干细胞的研究深入为体外构建各种组织提供了新的来源。同时，随着研究的深入，胚胎干细胞也有望成为组织工程化血管构建的种子细胞来源。

关键词： 胚胎脑膜组织细胞   细胞培养   5-氮杂胞苷   大鼠  

摘要： 【目的】分离和培养大鼠胚胎脑膜组织细胞,并观察其生物学特性。【方法】在无菌条件下取妊娠14.5～16.5 d大鼠的胚胎脑膜组织,培养传代,在倒置光显微镜和电镜下对细胞形态变化进行动态观察;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化;用四唑盐（MTT）法测定细胞生长活力。在细胞传至第4代时加入10μmol/L 5-aza,并观察其对细胞增殖和行为的影响;免疫细胞化学方法检测Desmin、GFAP的表达。【结果】在透射电镜下观察对照组多数细胞为未分化细胞,而实验组可见有成纤维样细胞和胶质样细胞的形态变化;流式细胞仪分析经5-aza诱导3 d后,处于增殖状态的S期细胞比率为8.1%,较对照组9.7%为低;经MTT法检测表明5-aza明显抑制胚胎脑膜组织细胞的增殖。免疫细胞化学检测结果表明,胚胎脑膜组织细胞经5-aza诱导8 d Desmin和GFAP的表达均较对照组显著增高,阳性率分别达51.2%和52.3%。【结论】5-aza对胚胎脑膜组织细胞生长有明显抑制作用,并诱导其分化成纤维样细胞和胶质样细胞。

关键词： 糖基化终产物   高级   结缔组织生长因子   糖尿病   实验性   纤维化   氨基胍   葛根素  

摘要： 目的:探讨糖基化终产物(AGEs)对NIH Swiss小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(NIH/3T3)中结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)基因表达的影响,并观察氨基胍(AG)、葛根素(Pue)对NIH/3T3中CTGF mRNA表达的干预作用。方法:葡萄糖和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)共同孵育制备AGEs,运用荧光法测定AGEs水平。用不同浓度葡萄糖(20、50和80 mmol.L-1)制备的AGEs培养NIH/3T3细胞24 h;用50 mmol.L-1葡萄糖制备的AGEs培养NIH/3T3细胞0、6、12、24和48 h。观察AG和不同浓度Pue(0.25、0.5、1.0和1.5g.L-1)的干预作用。应用RT-PCR检测NIH/3T3中CTGF mRNA的表达。结果:与BSA对照组比较,用20、50和80 mmol.L-1葡萄糖制备的AGEs培养24 h后,NIH/3T3中CTGF mRNA表达增高(P<0.01),以50 mmol.L-1最明显。与0 h比较,同一浓度葡萄糖制备的AGEs培养6、12、24及48 h后,NIH/3T3中CTGF mRNA的表达增高(P<0.01),以24 h最明显。与50 mmol.L-1葡萄糖制备的AGEs培养24 h比较,AG和不同浓度的Pue干预后NIH/3T3中CTGF mRNA的表达明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:AGEs能增强NIH/3T3中CTGF基因表达,且与孵育AGEs的葡萄糖浓度和作用时间有关,提示AGEs可能促进糖尿病并发症纤维化的发展,AG和Pue可抑制AGEs促纤维化的病理过程。

关键词： 组织学与胚胎学   教学改革   护理专业  

摘要： 针对组织胚胎学理论抽象、知识繁杂、内容多、课时少等这一不平衡的教学局面,为确保护理专业组织胚胎学的教学质量,从教学观念、教学内容、教学手段及综合测评4方面进行了详细的阐述。

关键词： 高强度聚焦超声   抗孕   原癌基因c-los   小鼠  

摘要： 目的探讨高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)终止妊娠的可能性并观察HIFU辐照小鼠胚胎后胎盘组织细胞c-fos的表达改变。方法HIFU6种声强各60s体内直接照射妊娠第7d小鼠胚胎,妊娠15d时观察各组胚胎死亡率;孕鼠右侧子宫胚胎不照射作为对照,左侧子宫胚胎(实验组)采用完全抗孕声强12W/cm2×60s照射,照后24、48、72、96h留取胎盘,免疫组化技术检测胎盘组织细胞c-fos表达情况。结果对照组胚胎总死亡率为12.2%,实验组中声强3W/cm2、6W/cm2及≥9W/cm2组的胚胎死亡率分别为25.0%、72.9%和100%。HIFU辐照胚胎后24h胎盘组织细胞c-fos表达增加,72h增加最明显,96h表达下降。结论HIFU抗早孕具有潜在的可行性,HIFU辐照胚胎可诱导胎盘组织细胞c-fos表达增加。

关键词： 解剖学   组织胚胎学   教学方法   教学效果  

摘要： 在解剖及组织胚胎学教学中采用以问题为基础的教学法,可以促进学生对知识的理解与记忆,激发学生的学习动力,提高学习热情,培养自学能力、合作能力和分析、解决问题的能力,从而提高解剖及组织胚胎学教学的质量。