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关键词： 临床研究   继续教育项目   中耳炎   国家级继续医学教育项目   诊治   第二附属医院   西安交通大学   组织胚胎学  

摘要： 西安交通大学第二附属医院（西北医院）耳鼻咽喉头颈外科病院、陕西省康复学会听力康复委员会及西安交通大学医学院人体解剖与组织胚胎学系联合举办的第十二期国家级继续医学教育项目＂中耳炎基础及临床研究诊治新进展＂【项目编号：2013-07-01-127（国）】将于2013年9月20～25日在西安市举办。

关键词： embryo   erythrocytes   hemoglobin   hypoxia   larva   rainbow trout  

摘要： In rainbow trout development, a switch occurs from high-affinity embryonic hemoglobin (Hb) and round, embryonic erythrocytes to lower-affinity adult Hb and oval, adult erythrocytes. Our study investigated the early ontogeny of rainbow trout blood properties and the hypoxia response. We hypothesized that hypoxia exposure would delay the ontogenetic turnover of Hb and erythrocytes because retention of high-affinity embryonic Hb would facilitate oxygen loading. To test this hypothesis we developed a method of efficiently extracting blood from individual embryos and larvae and optimized several techniques for measuring hematological parameters on microliter (0.5-2.0 mu l) blood samples. In chronic hypoxia (30% of oxygen saturation), stage-matched embryos and larvae possessed half the Hb concentration, erythrocyte counts and hematocrit observed in normoxia. Hypoxia-reared larvae also had threefold to sixfold higher mRNA expression of the embryonic Hb alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2 subunits relative to stage-matched normoxia-reared larvae. Furthermore, in hypoxia, the round embryonic erythrocytic shape persisted into later developmental stages. Despite these differences, Hb-oxygen affinity (P-50), cooperativity and the Root effect were unaltered in hypoxia-reared O. mykiss. The data support our hypothesis that chronic hypoxia delays the ontogenetic turnover of Hb and erythrocytes, but without the predicted functional consequences (i.e. higher than expected P-50). These results also suggest that the Hb-oxygen affinity is protected during development in chronic hypoxia to favor oxygen unloading at the tissues. We conclude that in early trout development, the blood-oxygen transport system responds very differently to chronic hypoxia relative to adults, possibly because respiration depends relatively more on oxygen diffusion than convection.

关键词： 哲学思维   病理学   教学经验   医学生学习   临床医学   基础知识   病理生理学   组织胚胎学   人体解剖学   理解和掌握   分子生物学   综合能力   医学课程   学习阶段   学生成长   人体疾病   临床医师   解决问题   基础医学   发病机制  

摘要： 病理学是研究人体疾病的病因，发病机制，病理形态、功能和代谢，从本质上研究疾病发生、发展和转归的一门基础医学与临床医学之间的桥梁学科[1]。学好病理学非常必要，是医学生成长为临床医师的重要环节。但对于处于基础学习阶段的医学生而言病理学内容庞杂，涉及人体解剖学、组织胚胎学、生化及分子生物学、生理学、病理生理学、诊断学等众多基础及临床医学课程，概论繁多、较难记忆。这就要求病理学教师在教学中不仅要注重基础知识的传授，还要讲求方法。本文从笔者的多年的教学经验出发，探讨如何用哲学的观点更好地进行病理学教学，加强学生对知识点的理解和掌握，提高医学生学习病理学的兴趣以及分析和解决问题的综合能力。

关键词： Animals   Chromatin/metabolism   Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism   Histones/metabolism   In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence   In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence   Mice   Polycomb-Group Proteins/genetics   Polycomb-Group Proteins/metabolism   Protein Binding  

摘要： The relationship between 3D organization of the genome and gene-regulatory networks is poorly understood. Here, we examined long-range chromatin interactions genome-wide in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), iPSCs, and fibroblasts and uncovered a pluripotency-specific genome organization that is gradually reestablished during reprogramming. Our data confirm that long-range chromatin interactions are primarily associated with the spatial segregation of open and closed chromatin, defining overall chromosome conformation. Additionally, we identified two further levels of genome organization in ESCs characterized by colocalization of regions with high pluripotency factor occupancy and strong enrichment for Polycomb proteins/H3K27me3, respectively. Underlining the independence of these networks and their functional relevance for genome organization, loss of the Polycomb protein Eed diminishes interactions between Polycomb-regulated regions without altering overarching chromosome conformation. Together, our data highlight a pluripotency-specific genome organization in which pluripotency factors such as Nanog and H3K27me3 occupy distinct nuclear spaces and reveal a role for cell-type-specific gene-regulatory networks in genome organization.

关键词： 组织胚胎学   教学   改革  

摘要： 组织胚胎学是结合组织学和胚胎学的一门学科,此学科具有抽象知识多、学生难以理解等特点。实行组织胚胎学教学改革应增加网络、多媒体等教学技术,强化实验课程,丰富考试和考核方式,从而提高组织胚胎学的教学效率。

关键词： 组织学与胚胎学   教学方法   教学手段   学生成绩评价体系  

摘要： 组织学与胚胎学是高等医学院校的一门重要的基础形态课程。为提高教学质量,实现以学生为中心,促进学生学习的兴趣与主动性,培养学生自主学习能力和创新思维能力,我们在组织学与胚胎学教学中,结合现代教育技术,遵循"以学生为中心",改进教学方法、教学手段及学生成绩评价体系,为课程教学改革作出初步探索。

关键词： 网络教学平台   综合性实验   组织学与胚胎学  

摘要： 为改革传统组织学与胚胎学实验教学模式,我们应用网络和多媒体技术,依托校园网开发了组织学与胚胎学网络实验教学平台,并结合该教学平台,在组织学与胚胎学教学中开设了综合性实验,实践证明,该教学模式有利于提高学生学习兴趣,培养学生自主学习能力和创造性思维。