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关键词： Cycad   Encephalartos natalensis   Embryogenesis   Histology   Microscopy   Recalcitrant seed   Ultrastructure  

摘要： Development of the embryo of Encephalartos natalensis from a rudimentary meristematic structure approximately 700 mu m in length extends over 6 months after the seed is shed from the strobilus. Throughout its development, the embryo remains attached to a long suspensor. Differentiation of the shoot meristem flanked by two cotyledonary protuberances occurs over the first 2 months, during which peripheral tannin channels become apparent. Tannins, apparently elaborated by the endoplasmic reticulum, first accumulate in the large central vacuole and ultimately fill the channel. By the fourth month of development, the root meristem is apparent and procambial tissue forming discrete vascular bundles can be discerned in the elongating cotyledons. Between 4 and 6 months, mucilage ducts differentiate;after 6 months, when the seed becomes germinable, the embryo is characterised by cotyledons far longer than the axis. Shoot and root meristem cells remain ultrastructurally similar throughout embryo ontogeny, containing small vacuoles, many well-differentiated mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) profiles, abundant polysomes, plastids containing small starch deposits and Golgi bodies. Unusually, however, Golgi bodies are infrequent in other cells including those elaborating mucilage which is accumulated in distended ER and apparently secreted into the duct lumen directly by ER-derived vesicles. The non-meristematic cells accumulate massive starch deposits to the exclusion of any protein bodies and only very sparse lipid, features which are considered in terms of the prolonged period of embryo development and the high atmospheric oxygen content of the Carboniferous Period, when cycads are suggested to have originated.

关键词： 人体解剖学   高等职业教育   教学参考资料   人体组织学   人体胚胎学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787567209961

摘要： 本书结合了临床医学、护理等专业的职业资格考试的要求。一方面坚持了内容的“思想性、科学性、启发性、先进性、实用性”；另一方面体现了理论知识的“必需、够用”的原则，强调了“三基”，即基本理论、基本知识和基本技能。

关键词： Urethra   Penis   Development   Embryology   Hypospadias  

摘要： Purpose: Controversy persists regarding the formation of human penile urethra. The classic fusion theory for the development of the spongy urethra and ectodermal ingrowth or endodermal transformation theories for the development of the glanular urethra do not explain the wide spectrum of anomalies seen in patients with hypospadias. This histological study was made to clarify the mechanism of urethral development. Materials & Methods: 15 human male embryos ranging from 6 to 14 weeks were studied. The phalluses were examined microscopically and photographed. Tissues were prepared as serial histological sections and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and with special immuno-histochemical stains. Results: 1) The penile urethra: At 6 weeks of gestation, the urethral plate which is solid distally and partially grooved proximally becomes grooved distally and has fused proximally by 8 weeks. At 14 weeks of gestation;the urethral opening migrates only to the middle of the shaft. 2) The glanular urethra: At the 6th week of gestation, a solid epithelial plate reached the tip of the genital tubercle, and a glans cannot be identified. At the 7th week, a central vacuolation appears and the penile urethral groove does not reach the tip of the phallus. At the 8th week;coronal sulcus starts to appear, and a well defined blind central canal was evident in the 13th week. During the 14th week, the floor of the glanular canal degenerated to form a glanular groove. Conclusions: Our observations suggest that the spongy urethra passes through 3 stages of development: a solid epithelial plate, deep urethral groove, and fused urethra. The glanular urethra passes through 4 developmental stages: a solid epithelial plate, a blind central canal, a deep glanular groove, and the floor from the preputial lamella. There was no evidence of ectodermal ingrowth. These observations raise serious questions to the current theories for human urethra development. Further studies on fresh human embryos are

关键词： embryonic adipose   total DNA mass   adipocyte hyperplasia   adipocyte hypertrophy   differentiation  

摘要： The United States is a world leader in poultry production, which is the reason why achieving better performance and muscle growth each year is a necessity. Reducing accretion of adipose tissue is another important factor for poultry producers because this allows more nutrients to be directed toward muscle growth, but the effect of embryonic adipose growth on posthatch development has not been fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the total DNA mass, morphological characteristics, differentiation markers, and triglyceride breakdown factors of embryonic adipose tissue, and their relation to hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth within layers (Leghorn) and meat-type chickens (broilers). After embryonic day (E) 12, broiler weight was significantly higher than Leghorn, and this trend continued throughout the rest of incubation and posthatch (P < 0.05). Neck and leg fat pad weights between the 2 breeds did not differ at most of the time points. A remarkable increase in total DNA mass was observed between E12 and E14 in both Leghorn and broilers (P < 0.05), indicating a high potential for hyperplastic growth during this time. Histological analysis revealed clusters of preadipocytes at E12;however, the majority of these cells differentiated by E14 and continued to grow until the time of hatch. The adipocyte sizes between both breeds did not generally differ, even though broilers are known to have larger adipocytes posthatch. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 expression levels in Leghorn and broilers continued to rise with each time point, which paralleled the expansion of mature adipocytes. Adipose triglyceride lipase was highly expressed at E20 and d 1 posthatch to mobilize triglyceride degradation for energy during hatching. Thus, embryonic chicken adipose tissue was found to develop by hyperplastic mechanisms followed by hypertrophy. At embryonic stages and early posthatch, layerand meat-type chicken adipose growth does not differ, which suggests breed

关键词： 脂肪酶   斑马鱼   基因表达  

摘要： 以模式动物斑马鱼为研究对象,运用实时定量PCR技术和原位杂交技术,对脂肪酶基因家族中的内皮脂肪酶(EL)、丝氨酸磷脂酶(PLA1A)和H型脂肪酶(LH)基因的组织分布和胚胎发育表达进行了研究.三种基因在所检测的组织中都有表达,其中EL mRNA在精巢、卵巢和皮肤中表达较高,PLA1A mRNA在肠道、心脏、肝脏和皮肤中表达较高,LH mRNA在卵巢、皮肤和精巢中表达较高.在胚胎发育过程中,EL和LH基因均在胚胎发育的早期(卵裂期和囊胚期)有较高的表达,表现出明显的母源表达特征,而PLA1A基因在胚胎发育的原肠期前后表达较高,显示其在胚胎发育的原肠作用中可能承担角色.

关键词： 一体化教学模式   动物组织学   胚胎学   应用   学习兴趣   观察能力   微细结构   专业基础课  

摘要： 《动物组织学与胚胎学》是一门形态学科,是研究动物体的微细、分子结构和发生、发展的科学.主要学习的是动物体的微细结构和功能,胚胎发育的过程以及其机理,是生物类院校重要的专业基础课.因课程的性质决定了它的内容抽象,在传统的教学模式丐,学生在学习的过程中看不见、摸不着,较难理解,只能凭借老师的介绍进行理解和想象,以至于学习兴趣低,对课程的学习效果差.在一体化教学模式下,将理论教学与实践教学融为一体,实现在课堂上的“教、学、做、识、绘、考”一体化.培养学生的观察能力、描述能力、总结能力,调动学生的积极性、主动性,提高组织学与胚胎学课程的学习质量.

关键词： 干扰素维甲酸联合应用诱导细胞凋亡相关基因(GRIM-19)   胚胎停育   线粒体膜电位   细胞凋亡  

摘要： 目的:探讨干扰素/维甲酸联合应用诱导细胞凋亡相关基因(gene associated with retinoidinterferon-induced mortality-19,GRIM-19)与胚胎停育的关系及作用机制。方法:选择50例胚胎停育患者为实验组,50例非意愿妊娠要求行人工流产的正常早孕患者为对照组。用免疫组织化学法对绒毛组织中GRIM-19进行定位检测;采用Western blotting和Real-time PCR检测绒毛组织中GRIM-19蛋白和mRNA水平。应用荧光探针JC-1测定绒毛细胞线粒体跨膜电位,AnnexinV/PI双染色法检测细胞凋亡率。采用GRIM-19-siRNA转染技术使HTR-8/SVneo细胞低表达GRIM-19,并测定转染后细胞线粒体跨膜电位与细胞凋亡率。结果:GRIM-19在所有患者绒毛中均有不同程度的表达,与对照组相比,实验组绒毛中GRIM-19蛋白和mRNA的表达量降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。实验组绒毛细胞线粒体膜电位较对照组降低,细胞凋亡率显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。转染后HTR-8/SVneo细胞线粒体膜电位明显降低、细胞凋亡率升高,较转染前均有统计学差异(P<0.05),且线粒体膜电位与细胞凋亡率之间存在着明显的负相关性(r=-0.754,P<0.01)。结论:GRIM-19在早期妊娠中起重要作用,而GRIM-19的低表达可能通过影响线粒体功能,增加细胞凋亡参与了胚胎停育的发生、发展。

关键词： 团队合作   协作能力   学习成果  

摘要： 团队精神、融入团队及团队合作能力已越来越成为一个人乃至一个国家成功的必备素质[1].国务院早在1999年即提出高校的素质教育“要重视培养学生的团队协作能力”、“要培养学生的竞争意识及合作精神”[2].国外学者也提出高校学生应彼此分享学习成果及学习心得;科学研究工作需要更多的合作,纵观历届诺贝尔奖获得者,与他人合作进行研究的比例正在逐年上升[3].如何将团队合作学习模式应用于组织学与胚胎学教学中,以利于学生更好地掌握正常人体形态学知识进而形成良好的医学素养是教师面临的新课题.

关键词： 组织学与胚胎学   实验技能竞赛   应用  

摘要： 组织学与胚胎学是主要的形态学课程之一,是从微观上来研究人体结构及相关功能的一门基础学科。组织学与胚胎学实验技能竞赛面向医学专业的大一学生,基于初步接触医学基础课兴趣容易激发的特点,侧重于基本结构和形态,以基础性、验证性竞赛内容为主,旨在夯实医学基础,为后续功能性课程学习奠定坚实基础。

关键词： 独立学院   组织学与胚胎学   教学模式  

摘要： 独立学院以"应用型人才"培养为目标,课程设置以注重实践、能力为首,强化学生的实践操作能力。组织学与胚胎学作为医学专业基础课在注重理论课程学习的同时,更要强化实验教学,注重学生专业技能的培养。为此,本文通过调整我院护理本科专业理论课与实验课程的比例,优化教学内容,改变教学模式,提升教学硬件等方法,为独立学院医学基础课程的开设寻求更高效的教学手段。