关键词：
Lytechinus variegatus
cell division
embryo development
mitosis
摘要：
Development of multicellular organisms is driven by a series of mitotic divisions after fertilization. Total cytoplasmic volume does not increase during this process, resulting in an increasing number of smaller daughter cells. Cell divisions are initially synchronous in an early embryo, but this ends at the 16-cell stage in the sea urchin. Orchesterated mitosis does, however, continue in subpopulations via the coordination of two different processes: karyokinesis and cytokinesis. Part of this asynchrony is due to the differentiation of lineages. Sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) gametes are readily obtained, and microinjection of their oocytes and eggs is easy (Carroll et al 1999, Dev Biol 206:232-247). Furthermore, the eggs and embryos are clear, allowing for the microscopic visualization of their rapid development, from the cleavage stages through blastula and eventually to larvae. An example of the orchestrated mitosis among a specific lineage of cells is observed in this Lytechinus variegatus blastula cultured with the nucleotide Alexa Fluor 488 deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP), which labels the chromosomes (Terasaki and Jaffe, 2004, Methods Cell Biol, 74:469-489). This single embryo was imaged over several mitotic divisions using an inverted point scanning confocal microscope (Zeiss Axio observer.Z1), and the optical sections were displayed as a time-lapse reconstruction (moving clockwise from the top with 2 min intervals). We speculate that an excess of dye is being expelled by the cells, resulting in the staining observed in the periphery of the embryo. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.(This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.)
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