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关键词： 组织学与胚胎学   医学本科生   科研素质   教学  

摘要： 随着21世纪现代医学科技的发展,加强医学本科生综合科研能力培养成为教学过程中十分必要的环节。在地方院校中只有少数学生有机会参与到科学实践中,本文探讨了组织学与胚胎学作为一门基础医学课程,把课堂教学过程和科研有机结合的教学策略,适当引入当前科研发展趋势和最新热点等,培养学生科研兴趣,提升其科研思维能力,从而尽量能惠及大多数医学本科生,保障创新人才培养目标的实现。

关键词： 形成性评价   实验绘图成绩   期末成绩   组织学与胚胎学  

摘要： 形成性评价的关注重点是学习过程,科学合理的考核方法是实现形成性评价的关键环节^([1])。近年来,中医院校组织学与胚胎学教学现状较前有较大变化,单一传统的实验绘图成绩考核远不能客观反映学生的学习过程。笔者就天津中医药大学不同入学年份、不同学制及不同专业学生的实验绘图成绩和期末成绩进行相关性统计分析,找出现行实验形成性评价存在的问题,提出可行改进方法。

关键词： 执业医师资格考试   分阶段考试   组织学与胚胎学  

摘要： 自《中华人民共和国执业医师法》颁布以来,我国以法律形式实行执业医师资格考试制度已近二十年。这项制度的实施,不仅为保障医师队伍质量发挥了重要作用,也为培养合格的医学生做出巨大贡献。但在执业医师资格考试的实施过程中,逐渐发现,这种考试制度与医学教育的发展和卫生改革的要求还有诸多不适应。为进一步提高我国医学教育的质量,满足社会发展需求,我国实行了临床执业医师资格分阶段考试。在这种改革背景下,认为从教材选用、教学模式、考核方式和师资队伍等方面改革组织学与胚胎学教学体系势在必行。

关键词： 护理专业   人体形态   医学课程   护理学   教学过程   熟悉程度   护理诊断   师生比例   静脉输液   组织胚胎学  

摘要： 人体解剖学是一门研究正常人体形态及结构的科学,在整个医学课程中占重要地位。护理学是一门具有很强实践性的学科,多数护理操作的实施是建立在人体解剖学基础上的[1]。在护理专业的教学过程中,70%的教学内容与人体解剖学密切相关,其中100%的抢救操作需要以人体解剖学为基础[2]。提高护理专业学生对正常人体形态及结构的熟悉程度,有助于护理专业学生在日后的临床工作中更好地进行护理评估、护理诊断.

关键词： Oxidative stress   Phenolic acids   Phenylpropanoids   Picea abies (L.) Karst.   Polyamines   Somatic embryogenesis  

摘要： Plants respond to UV-B exposure by synthesizing a broad range of secondary metabolites, including ROS-scavenging antioxidants and UV-B screening phenylpropanoids. Our recent results indicated that the accumulation of higher levels of polyamines in fully developed somatic embryos of Norway spruce may be causally linked to better tolerance of UV-B irradiation. In the present work, we concentrated primarily on changes in phenolics and their localization in irradiated embryos. Somatic embryos, after 14 days of desiccation, were exposed to 6 W m(-2) h(-1) of 312 nm UV-B radiation. The accumulation of higher levels of spermidine and spermine (by about 20%) and total phenolics (about 25%) in these embryos indicates their participation in stress response. Histological localization of polyphenolic compounds was performed under a transmission light microscope. UV-B radiation elicited the accumulation of polyphenolics in the junction zone between root cap and hypocotyl and in the epidermal and subepidermal cells of hypocotyl and cotyledons. The deposition of polyphenolics in intact epidermal cells which were located in the neighbourhood of damaged cells may demonstrate that there is potential for transmission of a signal from injured cells to tissues protected against the direct effects of UV-B irradiation. UV-B irradiation evoked striking polyphenolic accumulation in specialized idioblastic cells localized beneath the epidermis of the somatic embryo hypocotyl and cotyledons. The fluorescence due to flavonoids, detected under confocal laser scanning microscope, increased dramatically after UV-B irradiation in the epidermis of the hypocotyl and cotyledons and in the surface of the root cap of spruce somatic embryos.

关键词： Beta-like cells   BMP4   Human iPSC   Insulin-neurogenin 3   Small molecule   Sodium cromoglicate  

摘要： Aims/hypothesis Pancreatic beta-like cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) or human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer an appealing donor tissue source. However, differentiation protocols that mainly use growth factors are costly. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to establish efficient differentiation protocols to change hiPSCs/hESCs to insulin (INS)(+) cells using novel small-molecule inducers. Methods We screened small molecules that increased the induction rate of INS+ cells from hESC-derived pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1)(+) pancreatic progenitor cells. The differentiation protocol to generate INS+ cells from hiPSCs/hESCs was optimised using hit compounds, and INS+ cells induced with the compounds were characterised for their in vitro and in vivo functions. The inducing activity of the hit compounds was also examined using mouse embryonic pancreatic tissues in an explant culture system. Finally, RNA sequencing analyses were performed on the INS+ cells to elucidate the mechanisms of action by which the hit compounds induced pancreatic endocrine differentiation. Results One hit compound, sodium cromoglicate (SCG), was identified out of approximately 1250 small molecules screened. When SCG was combined with a previously described protocol, the induction rate of INS+ cells increased from a mean +/- SD of 5.9 +/- 1.5% (n = 3) to 16.5 +/- 2.1% (n = 3). SCG induced neurogenin 3-positive cells at a mean +/- SD of 32.6 +/- 4.6% (n = 3) compared with 14.2 +/- 3.6% (n = 3) for control treatment without SCG, resulting in an increased generation of endocrine cells including insulin-producing cells. Similar induction by SCG was confirmed using mouse embryonic pancreatic explants. We also confirmed that the mechanisms of action by which SCG induced pancreatic endocrine differentiation included the inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein 4 signalling. Conclusions/interpretation SCG improves the generation of pancreatic endocrine cells

关键词： Cardiac output   Cardiac shunting   Developmental programming   Chronic hypoxia   Phenotypic plasticity   Reptile  

摘要： Reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia) is a potent stressor during embryonic development, altering the trajectory of trait maturation and organismal phenotype. We previously documented that chronic embryonic hypoxia has a lasting impact on the metabolic response to feeding in juvenile snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Turtles exposed to hypoxia as embryos [10% O-2 (H10)] exhibited an earlier and increased peak postprandial oxygen consumption rate, compared with control turtles [21% O-2 (N21)]. In the current study, we measured central blood flow patterns to determine whether the elevated postprandial metabolic response in H10 turtles is linked to lasting impacts on convective transport. Five years after hatching, turtles were instrumented to quantify systemic (Q(sys)) and pulmonary (Q(pul)) blood flows and heart rate (f(H)) before and after a similar to 5% body mass meal. In adult N21 and H10 turtles, f(H) was increased significantly by feeding. Although total stroke volume (V-S, (tot)) remained at fasted values, this tachycardia contributed to an elevation in total cardiac output (Q(tot)). However, there was a postprandial reduction in a net left-right (L-R) shunt in N21 snapping turtles only. Relative to N21 turtles, H10 animals exhibited higher Q(sys) due to increased blood flow through the right systemic outflow vessels of the heart. This effect of hypoxic embryonic development, reducing a net L-R cardiac shunt, may support the increased postprandial metabolic rate we previously reported in H10 turtles, and is further demonstration of adult reptile cardiovascular physiology being programmed by embryonic hypoxia.

摘要： Mitochondria are inherited maternally as globular and immature organelles in metazoan embryos. We have used the Drosophila blastoderm embryo to characterize their morphology, distribution and functions in embryogenesis. We find that mitochondria are relatively small, dispersed and distinctly distributed along the apico-basal axis in proximity to microtubules by motor protein transport. Live imaging, photobleaching and photoactivation analyses of mitochondrially targeted GFP show that they are mobile in the apico-basal axis along microtubules and are immobile in the lateral plane thereby associating with one syncytial cell. Photoactivated mitochondria distribute equally to daughter cells across the division cycles. ATP depletion by pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) activates AMPK and decreases syncytial metaphase furrow extension. In summary, we show that small and dispersed mitochondria of the Drosophila blastoderm embryo localize by microtubule transport and provide ATP locally for the fast syncytial division cycles. Our study opens the possibility of use of Drosophila embryogenesis as a model system to study the impact of maternal mutations in mitochondrial morphology and metabolism on embryo patterning and differentiation.

摘要： 国际著名学术期刊《细胞》在线发表了北京大学邓宏魁研究组关于多能干细胞的突破性研究成果:他们在国际上首次建立了具有全能性特征的多能干细胞系,获得的细胞同时具有胚内和胚外组织发育潜能.