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关键词： 解剖学   影像学   骨科教学   教学质量  

摘要： 目的主要研究结合解剖学和影像学知识提高骨科临床教学质量的相关问题和解决方案,为未来提高骨科临床教学质量寻找一个新的方向。方法选取2018年4—9月的50名接受骨科临床教学的学生为观察对象,随机将其分为观察组、对照组,其中对照组学生(25名)接受常规的临床教学,在对照组学生教学方法的基础上,观察组学生(25名)接受解剖学和影像学知识联合教学,评价两种教学方法的临床应用效果。结果比较两组学生的理论题评分、实践操作题评分、病例分析题评分等,发现观察组学生的评分分别为:(92.3±2.6)分、(94.6±2.8)分、(95.1±1.9)分,明显高于对照组的(83.4±3.1)分、(85.6±2.5)分、(84.1±2.8)分,P <0.05。结论结合解剖学和影像学知识有助于提高骨科教学质量,因此应该得到相关人员的关注。

关键词： 踝关节   骨折   骨折固定术,内   旋后内收型踝关节骨折   放射解剖学  

摘要： 目的总结Lauge-Hansen旋后-内收型Ⅱ度踝关节骨折的CT影像解剖学特点,为临床手术治疗方法的选择提供参考。方法回顾性分析中国科技大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院)骨科2014年6月—2017年12月收治的36例Lauge-Hansen旋后-内收型Ⅱ度踝关节骨折患者的临床资料,其中男24例、女12例,年龄19~56岁;左踝21例,右踝15例。所有患者行切开复位支撑钢板内固定术,8例合并骨缺损者予一期植骨。应用人体三维可视化手术规划与仿真系统软件(V1.0.0)对患者术前骨折CT影像学资料进行处理,测量以下指标:内踝骨折面与胫骨纵轴的夹角(α)、胫骨远端关节面塌陷的最大深度(d)、塌陷面积(S)、塌陷体积(V)和腓骨骨折线与胫骨远端关节面穹隆顶点的距离(L),分析d、V与α的相关性,总结Lauge-Hansen旋后-内收型踝关节骨折的影像解剖学特征。采用美国骨科足踝协会(AOFAS)踝关节-后足评分标准和术后疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价治疗效果。结果术前CT影像测量结果显示,本组36例患者α为4.5°~15.5°(9.85°±4.05°),其中20例胫骨远端关节面塌陷患者α为5.04°±1.49°,明显小于16例未塌陷患者α(12.83°±2.87°),两组差异有统计学意义(t=-9.847, P<0.05);20例胫骨远端关节面塌陷患者d、S、V分别为(8.86±3.69)mm,(47.69±13.95)mm^2和(680±620)mm^3,关节面塌陷集中在前内侧,且d、V与α角无明显相关性(rs=0.309、0.389, P值均>0.05)。36例患者腓骨骨折线主要发生在胫骨穹隆最高点以上,L为1.27~12.55(5.50±5.54)mm。所有术后随访时间10(6~15)个月,骨折均解剖复位并完全愈合,愈合时间10.5(9~16)周,术后AOFAS评分和VAS分别为(85±8)分和(2.1±0.9)分。结论Lauge-Hansen旋后-内收型Ⅱ度踝关节骨折患者的内踝骨折线与胫骨的夹角较小,骨折线与胫骨纵轴越接近平行,提示合并胫骨远端内侧关节面塌陷的可能性越大;该型骨折剪切力较大,手术治疗以切开复位支撑钢板内固定为主,缺损较大处常规行一期植骨以恢复关节面高度和力学支撑功能;腓骨骨折块较大或合并关节面塌陷时,建议采用钢板牢固固定,对维持踝关节稳定性起重要作用,可获得较好的手术治疗效果。

关键词： Anatomy   Animal cells   Auditory pathway   Auditory system   Basal ganglia   Biology and life sciences   Brain   Caudate nucleus   Cell biology   Cellular neuroscience   Cellular types   Cerebellar nuclei   Cerebral cortex   Medicine and health sciences   Neostriatum   Nerve fibers   Nerves   Nervous system   Neurons   Neuroscience   Nucleus accumbens   Physiology   Research Article   Sensory physiology   Sensory systems   Spinal nerves   Thalamic nuclei   Thalamus  

摘要： In this study, the morphology of the horse brain (Equus caballus) is decribed in detail using high field MRI. The study includes sagittal, dorsal, and transverse T2-weighted images at 0.25 mm resolution at 3 Tesla and 3D models of the brain presenting the external morphology of the brain. Representative gallocyanin stained histological slides of the same brain are presented. The images represent a useful tool for MR image interpretation in horses and may serve as a starting point for further research aiming at in vivo analysis in this species.

关键词： Neuroanatomy   Abstraction   working models   Dataset   Technological Innovations  

摘要： Neural datasets are increasing rapidly in both resolution and volume. In neuroanatomy, this trend has been accelerated by innovations in imaging technology. As full datasets are impractical and unnecessary for many applications, it is important to identify abstractions that distill useful features of neural structure, organization, and anatomy. In this review article, we discuss several such abstractions and highlight recent algorithmic advances in working with these models. In particular, we discuss the use of generative models in neuroanatomy;such models may be considered meta-abstractions that capture distributions over other abstractions.

关键词： Brain   Diagnostic markers   Psychosis   Translational research  

摘要： Despite an increasing focus on transdiagnostic approaches to mental health, it remains unclear whether different diagnostic categories share a common neuronatomical basis. The current investigation sought to investigate whether a transdiagnostic set of structural alterations characterized schizophrenia, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and determine whether any such alterations reflected markers of psychiatric illness or pre-existing familial vulnerability. A total of 404 patients with a psychiatric diagnosis were recruited (psychosis, n = 129; unipolar depression, n = 92; post-traumatic stress disorder, n = 91; obsessive-compulsive disorder, n = 92) alongside n = 201 healthy controls and n = 20 unaffected first-degree relatives. We collected structural magnetic resonance imaging scans from each participant, and tested for transdiagnostic alterations using Voxel-based morphometry. Inferences were made at p < 0.05 after family-wise error correction for multiple comparisons. The four psychiatric groups relative to healthy controls were all characterized by significantly greater gray matter volume in the putamen (right: z-score: 5.97, p-value < 0.001; left: z-score: 4.97, p-value = 0.001); the volume of this region was positively correlated with severity of symptoms across groups (r = 0.313; p < 0.001). Putamen enlargement was also evident in unaffected relatives compared to healthy controls (right: z-score: 8.13, p-value < 0.001; left: z-score: 9.38, p-value < 0.001). Taken collectively, these findings indicate that increased putamen volume may reflect a transdiagnostic marker of familial vulnerability to psychopathology. This is consistent with emerging conceptualizations of psychiatric illness, in which each disorder is understood as a combination of diagnosis-specific features and a transdiagnostic factor reflecting general psychopathology.

关键词： Substantia nigra   Sheep   Neuroanatomy   Stereology  

摘要： The substantia nigra is an integral component of the basal ganglia circuitry for limbic and motor functions. Dysfunction and degeneration of the basal ganglia are fundamental aspects of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. With the increasing use of sheep to model neurological diseases, it is crucial to understand the anatomy and neurochemistry of these key basal ganglia nuclei in the normal sheep brain and how they compare to the human brain. Therefore, studies of the gross anatomy, cellular morphology, and neurochemical expression patterns within the sheep substantia nigra were performed. We show that the sheep substantia nigra reflects all important aspects of the anatomy and neurochemistry of the human substantia nigra, with only minor inter-species differences evident. Many neurochemicals that are central to the functioning of the SN, and wider basal ganglia circuitry, are present throughout the sheep SN. In a wider context, the results of this study provide evidence that the sheep substantia nigra accurately reflects the anatomy of the human substantia nigra, which validates the use of sheep models of basal ganglia neurological disorders.

摘要： Highlights•Vestibular schwannomas have a variable clinical presentation. •Symptomatology may be due to direct compression of vascular and neuronal structures. •Symptomatology could be due to damage to deeper brainstem structures.

关键词： Bryozoa   Kamptozoa   -Tubulin   Confocal laser-scanning microscopy   Evolution   Ganglion   Nervous system   Phylogeny   Serotonin   Ultrastructure  

摘要： BackgroundEntoprocta affinities within Lophotrochozoa remain unclear. In different studies, entoprocts are considered to be related to different groups, including Cycliophora, Bryozoa, Annelida, and Mollusca. The use of modern methods to study the neuroanatomy of Entoprocta should provide new information that may be useful for phylogenetic *** anatomy of the nervous system in the colonial Barentsia discreta was studied using immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The ganglion gives rise to several main nerves: paired lateral, aboral, and arcuate nerves, and three pairs of tentacular cords that branch out into tentacular nerves. The serotonergic nervous system includes paired esophageal perikarya and two large peripheral perikarya, each with a complex net of neurites. Each tentacle is innervated by one abfrontal and two laterofrontal neurite bundles. Sensory cells occur regularly along the abfrontal side of each tentacle. Star-like nerve cells are scattered in the epidermis of the calyx. The stalk is innervated by paired stalk *** neuroanatomy of the colonial Barentsia discreta is generally similar to that of solitary entoprocts but differs in the anatomy and ultrastructure of the ganglion, the number of neurite bundles in the calyx, and the distribution of serotonin in the nerve elements. A comparison of the organization of the nervous system in the Entoprocta and Bryozoa reveals many differences in tentacle innervations, which may indicate that these groups may not be closely related. Our results can not support with any certainty the homology of nervous system elements in adult entoprocts and adult basal mollusks.

关键词： neuroimaging   Autonomic Nervous system   Gastrointestinal tract   Human physiology   nausea   machine learning   motion sickness   functional magnetic resonance imaging  

摘要： Nausea is a highly individual and variable experience. The central processing of nausea remains poorly understood, although numerous influential factors have been proposed, including brain structure and function, as well as autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. We investigated the role of these factors in nausea severity and if susceptibility to nausea could be predicted using machine learning. Twenty-eight healthy participants (15 males;mean age 24 years) underwent quantification of resting sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity by heart rate variability. All were exposed to a 10-min motion-sickness video during fMRI. Neuroanatomical shape differences of the subcortex and functional brain networks associated with the severity of nausea were investigated. A machine learning neural network was trained to predict nausea susceptibility, or resistance, using resting ANS data and detected brain features. Increasing nausea scores positively correlated with shape variation of the left amygdala, right caudate and bilateral putamen (corrected P = 0.05). A functional brain network linked to increasing nausea severity was identified implicating the thalamus, anterior, middle and posterior cingulate cortices, caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens (corrected P = 0.043). Both neuroanatomical differences and the functional nausea-brain network were closely related to sympathetic nervous system activity. Using these data, a machine learning model predicted susceptibility to nausea with an overall accuracy of 82.1%. Nausea severity relates to underlying subcortical morphology and a functional brain network;both measures are potential biomarkers in trials of anti-nausea therapies. The use of machine learning should be further investigated as an objective means to develop models predicting nausea susceptibility.