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关键词： 新型教学模式   护理专业解剖学   应用  

摘要： 护理专业解剖学是一门重要的医学基础课,而新型教学模式的运用是护理专业解剖学教学改革的有益尝试,能够提升学生学习解剖学的兴趣,有助于提升学生的综合素质和学生理解护理专业解剖知识,值得在今后的教学工作中推应用。本文尝试着将TBL教学模式与教学模式相结合,对新型教学模式在护理专业解剖学中的应用进行了研究,以期能为护理专业解剖学教学质量的提升提供一些帮助。

关键词： 词源学   人体解剖学   双语教学  

摘要： 人体解剖学双语教学最大的困难是英语术语记忆。人体解剖学英语术语繁多,而且多源自希腊语和拉丁语,使得学生记忆困难,从而影响教学效果。本文介绍如何从词源学角度剖析人体解剖学英语术语的内在含义及命名规律,从而达到化繁为简的目的,提高学生学习效率。

关键词： 移动学习   解剖学   数字化资源   APP  

摘要： 目的探讨基于移动学习的人体解剖学数字化资源建设在解剖教学中的作用。方法选取我校临床医学专业2015级4个班、2016级4个班学生为研究对象,然后各随机抽取每年级2个班为对照组,另2个班为观察组。结果 2个年级观察组的理论成绩和技能成绩均高于对照组的理论成绩和技能成绩,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在传统教学方法基础上结合基于APP的"碎片化"学习模式,提高了学生自主学习能力和实验操作能力。

关键词： 人体解剖学   实验室教学   教学改革   微课  

摘要： “没有解剖学就没有医学”,可见解剖学在医院中的重要作用。而解剖学实验课是确保解剖学课程教学质量的重要 手段。但是目前教学现状下,学生对解剖实战课程具有一定的抵抗情绪,并且学校内人体标本数量有限,并不能保证每个学生都能进行足够 有效的学习。因此,进行教学改革,势在必行。

关键词： 局部解剖   教学   外科手术  

摘要： 目的探讨应用解剖学在耳鼻咽喉科手术入门教学中的应用效果。方法本研究于2017年选取10名安徽医科大学2015级耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的研究生,按照考试成绩的年级排名顺序给10位同学编序,单数为示例组,双数为对照组,每组5人,示例组医师在传统教学基础上额外开设观看手术、解剖视频及动手解剖等课程,加强应用解剖学的学习,对照组采用传统教学,2组学生均通过担任主刀完成一台鼻内镜鼻窦开放手术来检验教学效果,并进行问卷调查,了解学生对2种教学方法的体会。结果手术检验结果显示,示例组和对照组平均得分为82.52分和61.02分,2组得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),示例组学生的手术评价得分明显高于对照组,示例组学生对手术的独立完成度、突发情况的处理、对周围组织的保护、出血量、手术时间均优于对照组;问卷调查的结果显示:示例组和对照组的平均分值分别是25分和24分,2组学生对2种教学模式的评价分值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),90%(9/10)的学员认为新的教学方法有助于初学者提高学习的满意度、学习兴趣、教学内容的理解力及学习效率等各方面。结论在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科教学中增加观看解剖视频和尸头解剖训练的课程,是一种较好的教学手段,可以进一步推广应用。

关键词： Cardiovascular diseases   Lipid-storage diseases  

摘要： Background Obesity has been linked with subtle differences in brain structure. These differences tend to be especially relevant in prefrontal cortex regions, areas which play an important role in executive control. However, results in this field are often contradictory: although studies tend to report lower gray matter volume in relation to obesity, some have also observed null or positive associations. To overcome this issue, we conducted a meta-analysis on voxel-based morphometry (VBM) differences associated with obesity-related variables and validated the findings with an independent dataset. Methods The literature search included combinations of the following key words: (i) neuroimaging terms: MRI, gray matter, brain, magnetic resonance;(ii) obesity-related terms: obesity, obese, body mass, waist circumference, adiposity. We conducted the meta-analysis using Anisotropic Effect-Size Seed-Based d Mapping (AES-SDM) software. Twenty-one studies on obesity and VBM fulfilled our inclusion criteria, representing 5882 participants (54% females) aged 18-92 years. To examine the validity of our meta-analytic results, we additionally tested on an independent dataset (Human Connectome Project, n = 378 participants) whether mean VBM values obtained for each cluster showed correlations with body mass index (BMI). Results We found that obesity-related variables were consistently associated with lower gray matter volume in areas including the medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral cerebellum, and left temporal pole. The clusters showed negative associations between gray matter volume and BMI in the independent dataset, with the exception of one cluster in the cerebellum. Conclusions Our findings provide robust evidence that obesity and body mass are related to significantly lower gray matter volume in brain areas with a key role in executive control. These findings might suggest a neurobiological link between obesity and self-regulatory deficits.

关键词： Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia   PRRT2 mutations   Motor symptoms   Corticospinal tract   Gray matter volume  

摘要： Introduction: The pathophysiologic mechanism of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is largely unclear. Basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit involvement is thought to underlie PKD pathophysiology. However, microstructural alternations in the motor circuit of PKD require further elucidation. Methods: Diffusion tensor imaging and high-resolution T1-weighted imaging were performed on 30 PKD patients (15 PRRT2 carriers, 15 PRRT2 non-carriers) and 15 matched healthy controls. Tract-based spatial statistics were conducted on diffusion indices to examine microstructural integrity of white matter. Voxel-based morphometry analysis was used to examine volumetric changes of gray matter. Multiple regression was employed to test the contribution of demography, disease duration, and PRRT2 status to pathological changes in brain structure. Results: Six (including two novel) PRRT2 mutations were identified in PKD patients who exhibited significantly reduced mean diffusivity mainly along the left corticospinal tract, and reduced gray matter volume in pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA) and right opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (IFGoperc), compared to healthy controls. Both gray matter volume reductions in preSMA and diffusion indices of abnormal white matter negatively correlated with disease duration. Genotype-phenotype analysis revealed that PRRT2 mutation carriers had earlier onset age, longer attacks, and a larger proportion of bilateral symptoms than non-carriers. Conclusions: We observed that PRRT2 mutations were associated with disease severity, while neuroanatomical abnormality was associated with disease duration in patients with PKD. Aberrant microstructural changes in preSMA and IFG areas, independent of mutation status, point to dysregulated motor inhibition in patients and provide new insights into neurobiological mechanisms underlying motor symptoms of PKD.

关键词： adolescence   cortex   hormones   MRI   neuroanatomy   plasticity   pregnancy  

摘要： Mapping the impact of pregnancy on the human brain is essential for understanding the neurobiology of maternal caregiving. Recently, we found that pregnancy leads to a long-lasting reduction in cerebral gray matter volume. However, the morphometric features behind the volumetric reductions remain unexplored. Furthermore, the similarity between these reductions and those occurring during adolescence, another hormonally similar transitional period of life, still needs to be investigated. Here, we used surface-based methods to analyze the longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging data of a group of 25 first-time mothers (before and after pregnancy) and compare them to those of a group of 25 female adolescents (during 2 years of pubertal development). For both first-time mothers and adolescent girls, a monthly rate of volumetric reductions of 0.09 mm(3) was observed. In both cases, these reductions were accompanied by decreases in cortical thickness, surface area, local gyrification index, sulcal depth, and sulcal length, as well as increases in sulcal width. In fact, the changes associated with pregnancy did not differ from those that characterize the transition during adolescence in any of these measures. Our findings are consistent with the notion that the brain morphometric changes associated with pregnancy and adolescence reflect similar hormonally primed biological processes.

关键词： Blindsight   Meta-analysis   Activation Likelihood Estimation   Hierarchical Clustering   fMRI   Visual awareness   NCC  

摘要： Blindsight, the residual abilities of patients with cortical blindness to respond proficiently to stimuli they do not consciously acknowledge, offers a unique opportunity to study the functional and anatomical mechanisms sustaining visual awareness. Over decades, the phenomenon has been documented in a wide number of different patients, across independent laboratories, and for a variety of tasks and stimulus properties. Nevertheless, the functional neuroanatomy of blindsight remains elusive and alternative proposals have been put forth. To tackle this issue from a novel perspective, we performed a quantitative Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analysis on the neuroimaging literature available on blindsight. Significant activity was reported in subcortical structures, such as the superior colliculus, pulvinar and amygdala, as well as in cortical extrastriate areas along the dorsal and ventral visual stream. This data-driven functional network collectively defines the extant neural fingerprint of blindsight. To further characterize the unique combination of segregation and integration in brain networks engaged in blindsight, we measured the relationship between active areas and experimental features in the original studies, their clustering and hierarchical organization. Results support a network-based organization in the functional neuroanatomy of blindsight, which likely reflects the intersection of different stimulus properties and behavioural tasks examined. We suggest that the conceptualization of blindsight as a constellation of multiple nonconscious visual abilities is better apt as a summary of present-day wisdom, thereby mirroring the variety of existing V1-independent pathway and their different functional roles.

关键词： Fiber dissection   Function   Klingler's technique   White fibers  

摘要： OBJECTIVE: White fiber dissection using a gyrus-based approach was performed to study the various associations, commissural, and projection fiber bundles of the brain. METHODS: Ten previously frozen and formalin-fixed cadaveric human brains were included. The fiber dissection techniques described by Klingler were used. The primary dissection tools were thin handmade wooden spatulas and curved metallic spatulas with tips of various sizes. The fibers were studied by the naked eye and with the use of magnification. The various fiber bundles were studied using a gyrus-based approach. The dissection was performed through each named gyrus, and the fiber tracts encountered during dissection were identified, and their relationship to other adjacent fiber bundles was studied. RESULTS: From our dissections, the white fibers of the brain were divided architecturally into 5 groups-4 horizontal groups and 1 vertical group. The 4 horizontal groups were the superficial, middle, deep, and central groups. The association fibers constituted the superficial, middle, and deep groups. The commissural fibers formed the central group, and the projection fibers formed the vertical group. The course of the fiber bundles and their functional co-relationship were determined. CONCLUSIONS: When planning the surgical trajectory, knowledge of the location of white matter tracts is essential to help minimize the occurrence of postoperative deficits. Fiber dissection using the Klingler technique is useful in gaining an understanding of the complex 3-dimensional nature of these white matter tracts and can provide a valuable resource in neurosurgical training.