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摘要： Co-twin control is a well-known methodological twin research design, but its variations and complexities are less well known. Various issues and illustrations are presented with reference to studies involving natural events, experimental interventions and rare happenings that underlie monozygotic (MZ) twins' environmental differences. This discussion is followed by summaries of recent twin research pertaining to cancer risk in overweight twins, the physical risk to surviving twins after fetal loss of a co-twin, a 20-year update of twin concordance for Parkinson's disease, and neuroanatomical differences in musically discordant MZ twin pairs. Several twin-related items that have attracted attention in the news are also summarized.

关键词： STUTTERING in children   NEUROANATOMY   WHITE matter (Nerve tissue)   GRAY matter (Nerve tissue)   MAGNETIC resonance imaging   CHILD development   BRAIN   CEREBRAL cortex   CEREBRAL hemispheres   CONVALESCENCE   MOTOR ability   NEURAL conduction   SPEECH   STUTTERING   CHILDREN   PERSISTENCE  

摘要： Purpose: We review two recent neuroanatomical studies of children who stutter (CWS), one that examines white matter integrity and the other that focuses on cortical gray matter morphology. In both studies, we sought to examine differences between children whose stuttering persists ("persistent"), children who recovered from stuttering ("recovered"), and their nonstuttering peers ("controls"). Method: Both of the reviewed studies use data from a large pediatric sample spanning preschool- to school-age children (3-10 years old at initial testing). Study 1 focused on surface-based measures of cortical size (thickness) and shape (gyrification) using structural magnetic resonance imaging, whereas Study 2 utilized diffusion tensor imaging to examine white matter integrity. Results: In both studies, the main difference that emerged between CWS and fluent peers encompassed left hemisphere speech motor areas that are interconnected via the arcuate fasciculus. In the case of white matter integrity, the temporoparietal junction and posterior superior temporal gyms, both connected via the left arcuate fasciculus, and regions along the corpus callosum that contain fibers connecting bilateral motor regions were significantly decreased in white matter integrity in CWS compared to controls. In the morphometric study, children who would go on to have persistent stuttering specifically had lower cortical thickness in ventral motor and premotor areas of the left hemisphere. Conclusion: These results point to aberrant development of cortical areas involved in integrating sensory feedback with speech movements in CWS and differences in interhemispheric connectivity between the two motor cortices. Furthermore, developmental trajectories in these areas seem to diverge between persistent and recovered cases.

关键词： Crustaceans   Peracarida   Olfactory system   Visual system   Lamina   Hemiellipsoid body   Histamine   RFamide  

摘要： Background: Over the last years, the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis has developed into an attractive marine animal model for evolutionary developmental studies that offers several advantages over existing experimental organisms. It is easy to rear in laboratory conditions with embryos available year-round and amenable to numerous kinds of embryological and functional genetic manipulations. However, beyond these developmental and genetic analyses, research on the architecture of its nervous system is fragmentary. In order to provide a first neuroanatomical atlas of the brain, we investigated P. hawaiensis using immunohistochemical labelings combined with laser-scanning microscopy, X-ray microcomputed tomography, histological sectioning and 3D reconstructions. Results: As in most amphipod crustaceans, the brain is dorsally bent out of the body axis with downward oriented lateral hemispheres of the protocerebrum. It comprises almost all prominent neuropils that are part of the suggested ground pattern of malacostracan crustaceans (except the lobula plate and projection neuron tract neuropil). Beyond a general uniformity of these neuropils, the brain of P. hawaiensis is characterized by an elaborated central complex and a modified lamina (first order visual neuropil), which displays a chambered appearance. In the light of a recent analysis on photoreceptor projections in P. hawaiensis, the observed architecture of the lamina corresponds to specialized photoreceptor terminals. Furthermore, in contrast to previous descriptions of amphipod brains, we suggest the presence of a poorly differentiated hemiellipsoid body and an inner chiasm and critically discuss these aspects. Conclusions: Despite a general uniformity of amphipod brains, there is also a certain degree of variability in architecture and size of different neuropils, reflecting various ecologies and life styles of different species. In contrast to other amphipods, the brain of P. hawaiensis does not disp

关键词： 闯关式教学法   护理解剖学   教学效果  

摘要： 护理解剖学教学是护理学专业学生学习的重要内容,应通过有效的教学方法提高教学质量,本旨在对闯关式教学法进行探究。方法:将96名护理学专业学生完成本次对比研究,全部学生均来自于2018级2个班级,各48名,A班教学模式为闯关式教法,B班教学模式为常规教学,对比学习主动性以及考核成绩。结果:对比学习主动性,A班:B班[(42例/87.50%):(32例/66.67%)],统计学意义存在(P<0.05);对比理论考核成绩,A班:B班[(83.76±7.65分):(71.36±10.34分)],有统计学意义(P<0.05);对比实践操作成绩,A班:B班[(80.14±6.97分)、(67.32±10.67分))], P<0.05,表示有统计学意义。结论:闯关式教学法在护理解剖学的教学中应用效果确切,教学效果优于常规方法。

关键词： 医学影像诊断   专业解剖学   教学趋势  

摘要： 近几年由于医疗水平的提升,各种医学影像诊断技术层出不穷,使专业形态学教学以及医学影像诊断专业解剖学的相关发展进行了极大的推进。我们此次针对解剖学相关教学进行经验进行总结,同时依据将直观教学进行加强以及使教学内容充实、将教学渠道进行拓宽、使课程组合方式进行改革等方式对医学影像诊断专业中关于解剖学的相关教育进行探索与研究。

关键词： Deep brain stimulation   DBS   Fornix   Longitudinal   MRI   Mouse  

摘要： Following its success in the treatment of refractory movement disorders, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently under clinical investigation as a possible treatment for several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). DBS's mechanism of action, delivery regimen, optimal brain target, and timeline of behavioural and neuroanatomical outcomes are all open fields of investigation. There is a critical need to develop methodologies that allow us to examine the time course of both behavioural changes and neuroanatomical remodelling in response to DBS. Here we present a proof-of-concept methodology for DBS experiments which incorporates both brain imaging and behaviour in a longitudinal fashion. We implanted triple transgenic AD mouse models (expressing mutations for both amyloid and tau) with custom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible, carbon based electrodes. Mice received DBS or sham stimulation to the fornix (a critical white matter node in the brain's memory circuit) for 1 h (100 Hz, 100 mu s pulses, 100 mu A). Treatment was followed with an adapted Morris water maze (to test learning and memory;performed weekly) and structural MRI (to assess neuroanatomy;3 days before and 3 days after DBS with a 6 week follow-up). The acute DBS treatment improved learning and long term memory in a delayed, sex specific, and transient manner relative to sham-stimulated controls. Significant, persistent, volumetric changes were seen in diverse brains structures, also heavily mediated by sex. We believe this methodology may be used as a template for DBS-related experimentation and will encourage preclinical studies to use longitudinal designs.