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关键词： 阶段目标教学   家畜解剖学   实习   应用  

摘要： 为提高家畜解剖学实习课程的教学质量,适应培养应用型动物医学专业人才的需要,开展了家畜解剖学实习的分阶段目标教学法。将实习分3个阶段进行:第一阶段为知识准备期,第二阶段为学习实践期,第三阶段为总结巩固期。实施分阶段目标教学模式后,改变了以往教学实习的盲目性、随意性,弥补了我校学生人数多、实习时间不充裕的问题,提高了实习质量,为学生学习其他专业基础课和专业课奠定了良好的形态学基础。

关键词： 中医形态学   中西医学交融   藏象学说   解剖学  

摘要： 中医在形态学方面认识丰富,但随着西医在中国的普及以及中医词汇被翻译引用,导致中医在形态学方面的话语权基本丧失。在中医内部,对形态学认知又因藏象学说等影响而走向了哲学化,造成了中医在现代语言环境下交流被动,并处于模棱两可的境地,影响了中医药事业的发展。在新时代环境下构建中医形态学的思路有:①正确处理好中医经典形态学与现代解剖学的关系;②中医核心维护与中医发展空间阵地的拓展。但需要解决以下问题:一是中医理论内核与时代如何适应,是局限于中医内部还是有新的理论阐释;二是中医既往形态学基础该如何改造和利用,是废弃不用单用现代解剖学成果,还是有序改造继承发扬;三是中国能不能产生自己的中医解剖学,进而支持有特色的中国医学架构。

关键词： 肱骨髁上骨折   儿童   内髁   进针角度  

摘要： 目的探究儿童肱骨内髁置针通道的安全范围和X线评判方法。方法筛选2015至2019年河北医科大学第三医院儿童肘关节CT数据资料,利用Mimics research 20.0软件进行三维重建肱骨远端模型,并利用CAD模块于肱骨内上髁骨通道内模拟置入A1、A2、B1和B24枚克氏针作为通道边界线,A1为前上边界,A2为后上边界,B1为前下边界,B2为后下边界,分别测量正位与侧位上四条边界线与肱骨轴线的夹角,正位上夹角为置针通道内翻角,侧位上夹角为后倾角,这两个角度是儿童肱骨内髁置针时的参考角度。统计分析各条线角度的差异,以确定各条边界线独立存在。结果共纳入169例儿童肱骨远端CT资料,男120例,女49例,年龄(8.1±1.8)岁。94例左侧,75例右侧。正位时测得上、下边界内翻角a角和b角分别为29.4°±4.0°和43.6°±6.6°。侧位时前上边界(A1)后倾角a1和后上边界(A2)后倾角a2分别为10.8°±3.0°和4.3°±2.2°。前下边界(B1)后倾角b1和后下边界(B2)后倾角b2分别为18.3°±4.7°和6.1°±3.2°。上述角度为肱骨内上髁骨通道内翻角和后倾角的边界范围,以此范围为依据可在临床中指导肱骨内髁安全有效的置入克氏针固定骨折。结论儿童肱骨内髁存在一个安全置针通道,此通道可在正位和侧位X线片上以内翻角和后倾角标定,本研究测得的内翻角和后倾角可作为肱骨内上髁置入克氏针的理论依据。

关键词： Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin   Biotinylated dextran amine   Fluorescent tracers   Cholera toxin   Viral vectors  

摘要： Neuroanatomical tracing methods remain fundamental for elucidating the complexity of brain circuits. During the past decades, the technical arsenal at our disposal has been greatly enriched, with a steady supply of fresh arrivals. This paper provides a landscape view of classical and modern tools for tract-tracing purposes. Focus is placed on methods that have gone viral, i.e., became most widespread used and fully reliable. To keep an historical perspective, we start by reviewing one-dimensional, standalone transport-tracing tools;these including today's two most favorite anterograde neuroanatomical tracers such as Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and biotinylated dextran amine. Next, emphasis is placed on several classical tools widely used for retrograde neuroanatomical tracing purposes, where Fluoro-Gold in our opinion represents the best example. Furthermore, it is worth noting that multi-dimensional paradigms can be designed by combining different tracers or by applying a given tracer together with detecting one or more neurochemical substances, as illustrated here with several examples. Finally, it is without any doubt that we are currently witnessing the unstoppable and spectacular rise of modern molecular-genetic techniques based on the use of modified viruses as delivery vehicles for genetic material, therefore, pushing the tract-tracing field forward into a new era. In summary, here, we aim to provide neuroscientists with the advice and background required when facing a choice on which neuroanatomical tracer-or combination thereof-might be best suited for addressing a given experimental design.

关键词： Epidermoid   Neurosurgery   Trigeminal neuralgia   Ultra-high-field MRI  

摘要： Background Seven-Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has demonstrated value for evaluating a variety of intracranial diseases. However, its utility in trigeminal neuralgia has received limited attention. The authors of the present study applied ultra-high field multimodal MRI to two representative patients with secondary trigeminal neuralgia due to epidermoid tumors to illustrate the possible clinical and surgical advantages of 7T compared with standard clinical strength imaging. Techniques included co-registration of multiple 7T sequences to optimize the detection of potential concurrent neurovascular and neoplasm-derived *** 7T MRI studies were performed using a whole body scanner. Two- and three-dimensional renderings of potential neurovascular conflict were created by co-registering time-of-flight angiography and T2-weighted turbo spin echo images in MATLAB and GE software. Detailed comparisons of the various field strength images were provided by a collaborating neuroradiologist (B.D.).Results 7T MRI clearly illustrated minute tumor-adjacent vasculature. In contrast, conventional, low-field imaging did not consistently provide adequate details to distinguish cerebrospinal fluid pulsatility from vessels. The tumor margins, although distinct from the trigeminal nerve fibers at 7T, blended with those of the surrounding structures at 3T. Two- and three-dimensional co-registration of time-of-flight angiography with T2-weighted MRI suggested that delicate, intervening vasculature may have contributed to these illustrative patients’ *** 7T provided superior visualization of vital landmarks and subtle nerve and vessel features. Co-registration of various advanced 7T modalities may help to resolve complex disease etiologies. Future studies should explore the extent to which this dual etiology might persist across tumor types and utilize diffusion-based techniques to quantify what microstructural differences might exist betw

关键词： 基础医学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030649157

摘要： 本书在编写过程中遵循系统性、完整性和实用性并重，提高和普及兼顾原则，参照人体解剖学编排方式，按人体各系统分为4篇，包括消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统和生殖系统。每篇在内容编排上首先作一般解剖概述和发生学简介，然后从乳儿开始详细阐述各器官生长、发展、变化的过程。

关键词： Anatomy laboratory   Medical education   Medical student   Neurosurgery   Recruitment  

摘要： OBJECTIVE: Many medical students find neurosurgery interesting, but few pursue it as a career. Reasons for this mismatch include lack of exposure and poor perceptions of its career demands, work-life balance, personalities, and patient outcomes. It is imperative to recruit promising students early in medical school to build a pipeline of future neurosurgeons. We aimed to recruit medical students to neurosurgery and improve perceptions of the field by hosting an optional cadaver laboratory event (Neuroanatomy Lab Initiative [NLI]) during first-year students' gross anatomy course. METHODS: Five neurosurgery residents and a rotating faculty member led students through the hands-on performance of a retrosigmoid craniotomy on 4 anatomic specimens in the students' cadaveric laboratory. Questionnaires with 6-point Likert scores were distributed to students before and after the NLI. RESULTS: Thirty-nine students with broad specialty interests and previous experiences attended. They perceived neurosurgery to be demanding, competitive, and incongruent with workelife balance and family. At baseline, their interest in neurosurgery was high despite perceived lack of knowledge about the field. Students were eager to participate in neurosurgical procedures and interactions with neurosurgeons. After the NLI, students felt more knowledgeable about neurosurgery and perceived neurosurgery faculty and residents as more pleasant/friendly, approachable, and satisfied with their careers. CONCLUSIONS: An NLI during first-year medical students' anatomy course was an effective, relatively low-resource means of engaging students and improving their perceptions of neurosurgery. We provide a framework for scaling this initiative to other institutions to help recruit the next generation of neurosurgeons.

关键词： BDNF   brain development   neurogenesis   zebrafish  

摘要： Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an extensively studied protein that is evolutionarily conserved and widely distributed in the brain of vertebrates. It acts via its cognate receptors TrkB and p75(NTR) and plays a central role in the developmental neurogenesis, neuronal survival, proliferation, differentiation, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and brain regeneration. BDNF has also been implicated in a plethora of neurological disorders. Hence, understanding the processes that are controlled by BDNF and their regulating mechanisms is important. Although, BDNF has been thoroughly studied in the mammalian models, contradictory effects of its functions have been reported on several occasions. These contradictory effects may be attributed to the sheer complexity of the mammalian brain. The study of BDNF and its associated functions in a simpler vertebrate model may provide some clarity about the effects of BDNF on the neurophysiology of the brain. Keeping that in mind, this review aims at summarizing the current knowledge about the distribution of BDNF and its associated functions in the zebrafish brain. The main focus of the review is to give a comparative overview of BDNF distribution and function in zebrafish and mammals with respect to distinct life stages. We have also reviewed the regulation of bdnf gene in zebrafish and discussed its role in developmental and adult neurogenesis.

关键词： Human attachment   Social neuroscience   Brain anatomy and function   Epigenetics   Bio-behavioral synchrony  

摘要： Attachment theory, developed by Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby about seventy years ago, has become one of the most influential and comprehensive contemporary psychology theories. It predicts that early social interactions with significant others shape the emergence of distinct self- and other-representations, the latter affecting how we initiate and maintain social relationships across the lifespan. A person's attachment history will therefore associate with inter-individual differences in emotional and cognitive mechanisms sustaining representations, modeling, and understanding of others on the biological and brain level. This review aims at summarizing the currently available social neuroscience data in healthy participants on how inter-individual differences in attachment associate with brain anatomy and activity across the lifespan, and to integrate these data into an extended and refined functional neuro-anatomical model of human attachment (NAMA). We first propose a new prototypical initial attachment pathway and its derivatives as a function of attachment security, avoidance, and anxiety. Based on these pathways, we suggest a neural attachment system composed of two emotional mentalization modules (aversion and approach) and two cognitive mentalization modules (emotion regulation and mental state representation) and provide evidence on their functionality depending on inter-individual differences in attachment. We subsequently expand this first-person social neuroscience account by also considering a second-person social neuroscience perspective comprising the concepts of bio-behavioral synchrony and particularly interbrain coherence. We hope that such extended and refined NAMA can inform attachment theory and ultimately help devising new prevention and intervention strategies for individuals and families at risk for attachment-related psychopathology. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： 情感教学   高职教   人体解剖学   教学方法   应用效果  

摘要： 探讨将情感教学应用于高职教育人体解剖学之中的应用效果及意义。方法:在人体解剖学教学时,教师立足于学生学习特点,通过采用情感教学方式,以增强教学效果。结果:情感教学方式有效实施后,促进师生良好关系的构建,营造了课堂良好的学习氛围,同时为提高学生课堂学习效果,促进学生养成良好的学习习惯与行为品德,奠定坚实的基础。结论:将情感教学应用于中职教育人体解剖学之中,获得良好的教学效果,该教学方式切实可行,教学效果突出,利于培养学生良好的学习行为,值得应用与推广。