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关键词： aneuploidy   cognition   neuroanatomy   structural magnetic resonance imaging  

摘要： Sex chromosome aneuploidy (SCA) increases the risk for cognitive deficits, and confers changes in regional cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA). Neuroanatomical correlates of inter-individual variation in cognitive ability have been described in health, but are not well-characterized in SCA. Here, we modeled relationships between general cognitive ability (estimated using full-scale IQ [FSIQ] from Wechsler scales) and regional estimates of SA and CT (from structural MRI scans) in both aneuploid (28 XXX, 55 XXY, 22 XYY, 19 XXYY) and typically-developing euploid (79 XX, 85 XY) individuals. Results indicated widespread decoupling of normative anatomical-cognitive relationships in SCA: we found five regions where SCA significantly altered SA-FSIQ relationships, and five regions where SCA significantly altered CT-FSIQ relationships. The majority of areas were characterized by the presence of positive anatomy-IQ relationships in health, but no or slightly negative anatomy-IQ relationships in SCA. Disrupted anatomical-cognitive relationships generalized from the full cohort to karyotypically defined subcohorts (i.e., XX-XXX;XY-XYY;XY-XXY), demonstrating continuity across multiple supernumerary SCA conditions. As the first direct evidence of altered regional neuroanatomical-cognitive relationships in supernumerary SCA, our findings shed light on potential genetic and structural correlates of the cognitive phenotype in SCA, and may have implications for other neurogenetic disorders.

ISBN: (纸本)9787571405700

关键词： Stereoscopy   Tridimensional   Anatomy   Teaching   Pedagogy  

摘要： Purpose The anatomy of both the brain and the skull is particularly difficult to learn and to teach. Since their anatomical structures are numerous and gathered in a complex tridimensional (3D) architecture, classic schematical drawing or photography in two dimensions (2D) has difficulties in providing a clear, simple, and accurate message. Advances in photography and computer sciences have led to develop stereoscopic 3D visualization, firstly for entertainment then for education. In the present study, we report our experience of stereoscopic 3D lecture for neuroanatomy teaching to early medical school students. Methods High-resolution specific pictures were taken on various specimen dissections in the Anatomy Laboratory of the University of Lyon, France. Selected stereoscopic 3D views were displayed on a large dedicated screen using a doubled video projector. A 2-h stereoscopic neuroanatomy lecture was given by two neuroanatomists to third-year medicine students who wore passive 3D glasses. Setting up lasted 30 min and involved four people. The feedback from students was collected and analyzed. Results Among the 483 students who have attended the stereoscopic 3D lecture, 195 gave feedback, and all (100%) were satisfied. Among these, 190 (97.5%) reported a better knowledge transfer of brain anatomy and its 3D architecture. Furthermore, 167 (86.1%) students felt it could change their further clinical practice, 179 (91.8%) thought it could enhance their results in forthcoming anatomy examinations, and 150 (76.9%) believed such a 3D lecture might allow them to become better physicians. This 3D anatomy lecture was graded 8.9/10 a mean against 5.9/10 for previous classical 2D lectures. Discussion-conclusion The stereoscopic 3D teaching of neuroanatomy made medical students enthusiastic involving digital technologies. It could improve their anatomical knowledge and test scores, as well as their clinical competences. Depending on university means and the commitment of teac

关键词： Voxel-based morphometry   White matter   Grey matter   Bariatric surgery   Inflammation   Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein  

摘要： Background: MRI studies show that obese adults have reduced grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) tissue density as well as altered WM integrity. Bariatric surgery can lead to substantial weight loss and improvements in metabolic parameters, but it remains to be examined if it induces structural brain changes. The aim of this study was to characterize GM and WM density changes measured with MRI in a longitudinal setting following sleeve gastrectomy, and to determine whether any changes are related to inflammation and cardiometabolic blood markers. Methods: 29 participants with obesity (age: 45.9 +/- 7.8 years) scheduled to undergo sleeve gastrectomy were recruited. High-resolution T1-weighted anatomical images were acquired 1 month prior to as well as 4 and 12 months after surgery. GM and WM densities were quantified using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Circulating lipid profile, glucose, insulin and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) were measured at each time point. A linear mixed effect model was used to compare brain changes before and after SG, controlling for age, sex, initial BMI and diabetic status. To assess the associations between changes in adiposity, metabolism and inflammation and changes in GM or WM density, the mean GM and WM densities were extracted across all the participants using atlas-derived regions of interest, and linear mixed-effect models were used. Results: As expected, weight, BMI, waist circumference and neck circumference significantly decreased after SG compared with baseline (p < 0.001 for all). A widespread increase in WM density was observed after surgery, particularly in the cerebellum, brain stem, cerebellar peduncle, cingulum, corpus callosum and corona radiata (p < 0.05, after FDR correction). Significant increases in GM density were observed 4 months after SG compared to baseline in several brain regions such as the bilateral occipital cortex, temporal cortex, postce

关键词： brainstem   functional neuroanatomy   local field potential   respiratory phase transition   respiratory rhythm generation   synchronization  

摘要： Key points The functional neuroanatomy of the mammalian respiratory network is far from being understood since experimental tools that measure neural activity across this brainstem-wide circuit are lacking. Here, we use silicon multi-electrode arrays to record respiratory local field potentials (rLFPs) from 196-364 electrode sites within 8-10 mm(3) of brainstem tissue in single arterially perfused brainstem preparations with respect to the ongoing respiratory motor pattern of inspiration (I), post-inspiration (PI) and late-expiration (E2). rLFPs peaked specifically at the three respiratory phase transitions, E2-I, I-PI and PI-E2. We show, for the first time, that only the I-PI transition engages a brainstem-wide network, and that rLFPs during the PI-E2 transition identify a hitherto unknown role for the dorsal respiratory group. Volumetric mapping of pontomedullary rLFPs in single preparations could become a reliable tool for assessing the functional neuroanatomy of the respiratory network in health and disease. While it is widely accepted that inspiratory rhythm generation depends on the pre-Botzinger complex, the functional neuroanatomy of the neural circuits that generate expiration is debated. We hypothesized that the compartmental organization of the brainstem respiratory network is sufficient to generate macroscopic local field potentials (LFPs), and if so, respiratory (r) LFPs could be used to map the functional neuroanatomy of the respiratory network. We developed an approach using silicon multi-electrode arrays to record spontaneous LFPs from hundreds of electrode sites in a volume of brainstem tissue while monitoring the respiratory motor pattern on phrenic and vagal nerves in the perfused brainstem preparation. Our results revealed the expression of rLFPs across the pontomedullary brainstem. rLFPs occurred specifically at the three transitions between respiratory phases: (1) from late expiration (E2) to inspiration (I), (2) from I to post-inspiration (PI)

关键词： High intensity white noise   Anxiety   Learning   Medial geniculate body   Basolateral nucleus of amygdala   Electron microscopy  

摘要： Noise pollution is a severe public health problem as continuous exposure to even moderate noise levels between 55 - 65 dB can lead to various pathologies, including neurological states. In the present study, we assessed the ultrastructural alterations in selective auditory pathways of the rat brain following high intensity white noise exposure. In addition, learning, anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were assessed. Adult male rats were exposed to 100 dB noise, one hour daily, for 10 consecutive days. The evaluations were performed on day 11. Exposure to noise did not affect learning or the components of locomotor activity. However, it induced anxiety-like behavior as evidenced by time spent in the closed arm of elevated-plus maze. Concomitantly, ultrastructural changes in medial geniculate body, considered an integral component of classical auditory pathway, as well as in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala, considered important structures of non-classical auditory pathway were noted. Specifically, noise resulted in neuronal apoptosis, chromatolysis, cytoplasmic organelle destruction, and glial activation in medial geniculate body and hippocampus, as well as mild alterations in amygdala. These results provide further evidence of detrimental consequences following exposure to loud noise.

关键词： 人体解剖学   实验课   高职护理   教学  

摘要： 人体解剖学是高职护理专业必修的重要基础课程之一,解剖学实验课是解剖学教学的重要组成部分,上好解剖实验课直接关系到解剖学的教学效果。然而在现实的解剖学实验课的授课过程中,存在很多的问题,使解剖学的实验课授课效果不够理想;本文就是从这个角度出发,结合在解剖学实验教学过程中的实践,探讨如何上好高职护理专业解剖学实验课。

关键词： LBL   PBL   人体解剖学   教学应用  

摘要： 探讨PBL联合LBL教学法在人体解剖学临床教学中的应用效果。方法:选取2018年6月到2019年6月我校人体解剖学24名学生。在24名学生确定入选之后以随机数字法方式进行分组。常规组采取传统教育方式,实验组采取PBL联合LBL教学方式。总结两组学生的考核成绩。结果:入选时两组学生的成绩相当,P>0.05;在不同方式教学后实验组学生的各项成绩明显优于常规组,P<0.05。结论:PBL联合LBL教学法在人体解剖学临床教学中的应用效果显著,可以有效提高学生的实践操作能力,对于临床教学的质量改进推动作用显著,值得推广普及。

关键词： 高职院校   人体解剖:实训教学  

摘要： 在素质教育的环境下,中国的教育经历了一个全面的改革。理论灌输和机械记忆无法真正创造的专业人才,这已众所周知。而高职院校的专业人才分批填补空缺岗位为社会和促进中国的生产力提供了动力。然而,高职院校多年的教学模式还是有待更新,而且出现了一些专业人才在工作岗位得重新开始学习的情况,这表明了他们在学校学到的知识和技能无法充分发挥作用。本研究分析了当前人体解剖学教学中的问题,并提出相应的对策。

关键词： Valproic acid   Disinhibition   Impulsivity   Aggression   Autism spectrum disorder   ADHD  

摘要： Valproic acid (VPA) administered to mice during the early postnatal period causes social, cognitive, and motor deficits similar to those observed in humans with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, previous studies on the effects of early exposure to VPA have largely focused on behavioral deficits occurring before or during the juvenile period of life. Given that ASD is a life-long condition, the present study ought to extend our understanding of the behavioral profile following early postnatal VPA into adulthood. Male mice treated with VPA on postnatal day 14 (P14) displayed increased aggression, decreased avoidance of the open arms in the elevated plus maze, and impaired reversal learning in the Y maze. This may indicate a disinhibited or impulsive phenotype in male, but not female, mice treated with VPA during the second week of postnatal life. Decreased dendritic spine density and dendritic spine morphological abnormalities in the mPFC of VPA-treated mice may be indicative of PFC hypofunction, consistent with the observed behavioral differences. Since these types of long-lasting deficits are not exclusively found in ASD, early life exposure to VPA may reflect dysfunction of a neurobiological domain common to several developmental disorders, including ASD, ADHD, and conduct disorder. (C) 2020 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.