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关键词： Abnormal signs   anatomical localization   hypothesis testing   MRCP   neurological examination   normal signs   quantification of function  

摘要： Clinical examination allows the neurologist to test hypotheses generated by their interpretation of the patient's story. By eliciting abnormal clinical signs, the examining doctor works out a differential diagnosis for the part of the nervous system affected and, using information from the clinical history, a differential diagnosis of the pathology. Clinical examination also allows the clinician to observe and quantify function, hear more story and provide reassurance. The focus of the examination should be dictated by the hypothesis being tested, the patient's clinical state and the situation. Examination of the different parts of the nervous system remains very important in all clinical situations as the best available index of function of the nervous system as a whole. © 2020

关键词： lizards   lumbosacral plexus   neuroanatomy   Sudan Black B  

摘要： Only few published studies that describe the neuroanatomy of lizards. Here, we describe the neuroanatomy of several Iguanian species belonging to three families (species ofLiolaemusandPhymaturusbelonging to Liolaemidae,TropidurusandStenocercusas representatives of Tropiduridae, andDiplolaemusas a representative of Leiosauridae). Based on Sudan Black B staining and conventional dissections, the neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral region is described. Among the most outstanding results is the existence of a neuronal pattern of the lumbosacral plexus characteristic of Liolaemidae. In addition, it was found that in the genusLiolaemusthe lumbosacral plexus is composed of five pairs of spinal nerves while inPhymaturus,Tropidurus,StenocercusandDiplolaemusis composed from five to six pairs of spinal nerves (from pre-sacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae). We find differences in the origin of the spinal nerves that constitute the plexus. In some cases, the pattern of nerves involved includes even the caudal vertebrae. Variation among taxa related to the zeugopodial innervation is described, and the homology of these nervous branches is discussed. Sexual differences were found in some species studied. Based on our results and available literature, we found three different patterns of innervation of the zeugopodium. The major contribution of this study is to provide a detailed description of lumbosacral plexus nerves pathways from their origins at the vertebral column to the muscles that they innervate.

关键词： 基础医学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030630018

摘要： 系统解剖学是一门重要的基础医学课程，是医学生的必修课。为提高实验教学质量，我们结合多年的实验教学经验，组织人员编写了这本《系统解剖学实验教程》。本教程与理论教材内容编排顺序一致，涵盖系统解剖学全部实验内容。全书共23个实验，每个实验包括实验目的、实验材料、实验内容及复习思考题四个部分。书末附有填图练习、考试试题样卷等，旨在帮助学生全面理解与掌握人体的重要结构，培养学生分析问题与解决问题的能力。本教程供高等院校基础医学、临床医学等医学类专业学生使用，同时可作为教师备课及实验技术人员标本准备的参考用书。

关键词： Knee Surgery   Pain   Genicular Nerve   Ultrasonography   Electrical Stimulation  

摘要： Objectives. Peri- and postoperative pain frequently develops after joint replacement for severe knee osteoarthritis. A continuous nerve block is commonly used for pain relief, but the risks of infection and catheter dislodgement should be considered. The present mini-review aimed to brief the innervation and neural sonoanatomy of the knee joint and summarize the newest evidence of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) use in the management of knee pain. Methods. We used a systematic approach to search for relevant articles. We used the combination of "peripheral nerve stimulation" and "knee pain" as the key words for the literature search using the electronic database without language or article type restriction. The search period was from the earliest record to August 2019. Results. The present review identified six studies, four of which were related to PNS for management of postoperative knee pain and two of which probed neuropathic pain. Most of the studies were either case series or case reports. Based on our search result, PNS is likely to be a feasible and safe treatment for knee pain, but its effectiveness remains uncertain. Conclusions. The present review reveals that PNS is feasible for the management of knee pain, especially in the postoperative period. The procedure is safe under ultrasound guidance used for proper placement of the electrodes near the target nerves. In the future, more prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate the effectiveness of PNS in acute and chronic knee pain.

关键词： 微课   人体解剖学   教学效果  

摘要： 探究微课在人体解剖学教学中的实施效果。方法:选取我校2018年9月至2019年6月进行人体解剖学课程学习的104名学生,将其随机分配为各52名的对照组及实验组。对照组采用常规授课方法,实验组在对照组基础上增加微课教学。通过比对两组考核结果用以探究微课的实施效果。结果:实验组学生在理论知识考核、实践技能操作考核两方面取得的成绩均高于对照组学生,差异显著(p<0.05)。结论:综上所述,微课对于人体解剖学的教学具有显著的实施效果,值得应用及推广。

关键词： 锁骨上入路   内窥镜   胸廓出口综合征  

摘要： 研究锁骨上入路内窥镜治疗胸廓出口综合征的临床解剖学特征。方法 对6例颈部标本进行颈部解剖研究,对颈前区及外侧区臂丛神经和毗邻组织观察,并确定锁骨上入路内窥镜最佳入路点。结果 解剖测量得出胸锁乳突肌胸骨头至乳突长度的60%处是内窥镜收入的最佳入路点,该处距离臂丛神经C5上缘1.01±0.18cm,距离颈横动脉1.52±0.28cm。讨论 锁骨上入路内窥镜治疗胸廓出口综合征治疗中一定要确定好锁骨上入路内窥镜切入点,保护手术部位颈横动脉,减少手术风险。

关键词： 手指再造   解剖学   弓上动脉   岛状皮瓣   整形修复  

摘要： 目的探讨第二趾趾端弓上动脉岛状皮瓣的设计方法及其塑形再造手指的可行性。方法经足背动脉或胫后动脉灌注10只新鲜成人足部标本,自跖趾关节处离断第二趾。根据第二趾趾端弓上动脉的解剖学特点,在新鲜标本上标记第二趾趾端弓上动脉的体表投影,确定趾端弓上动脉岛状皮瓣的设计位置。根据新鲜标本第二趾趾腹膨大处的周径、颈部狭窄处的周径及狭窄处的长度,计算出趾端弓上动脉岛状皮瓣的面积。沿皮瓣设计线切开,将趾端弓上动脉岛状皮瓣带蒂转移至颈部狭窄处,与术前外形对比。结果第二趾趾端弓上动脉岛状皮瓣的设计、切取及移植均顺利完成。根据趾端弓上动脉的走行特点及第二趾趾腹膨大的位置,可确定皮瓣的设计方法;根据第二趾周径的测量,可确定该皮瓣的设计面积;根据新鲜标本的模拟切取,可确定该皮瓣的模拟手术方法。结论采用趾端弓上动脉岛状皮瓣可改善足第二趾外形,具有血供可靠、旋转不受限制的特点,并可以获得较满意的疗效。临床工作中采用该皮瓣重塑再造指外形是可行的。

关键词： 部分翻转课堂   系统解剖学   专业导向  

摘要： 目的根据专业特点,探讨"部分翻转"课堂对本科护理专业系统解剖学实验教学效果的影响。方法组间比较:选取我院2018级护理专业44名学生作为实验组,2017级护理专业48名学生作为对照组,对照组采用传统教学模式,实验组采用"部分翻转"课堂教学模式。组内比较:在2018级学生中进行组内比较,按照教材内容选取前1/2章节内容(即运动系统和内脏学)采用传统教学模式,后1/2章节内容(即脉管系统、感觉器和神经系统)采用"部分翻转"课堂教学模式。比较两组学生以及实验组前后两个时期的学习成绩、课堂活跃度、教学效果满意度等内容。结果组间比较实验组的实验成绩、总成绩均高于对照组(P<0.05),组内比较实验组第二次案例测试成绩高于第一次(P<0.05)。结论以专业为导向的"部分翻转"课堂教学模式能有效提高护理专业系统解剖学实验教学效果。