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关键词： 中国解剖学会   19世纪中叶   解剖学   再创辉煌   医学院   与时俱进  

摘要： 19世纪中叶,西医传入中国,教会创办医院、开办学堂,陆续开设解剖学课程。1894年中国官办医学院北洋医学堂成立,宣告解剖学成为一门独立的学科。为规范、促进解剖学的发展,1920年2月在北京成立的中国解剖学会,是我国最早成立的专业学术团体之一。

关键词： 咽旁间隙   经口径路   解剖学   内镜   人  

摘要： 目的探讨内镜辅助下经口径路咽旁间隙的解剖结构,了解该径路重要的解剖标志及颈内动脉、颈内静脉及后组颅神经等解剖结构的毗邻关系,为内镜辅助下经口径路切除咽旁间隙肿瘤提供解剖学依据。方法在内镜辅助下对新鲜尸头标本5例(共10侧)行经口径路咽旁间隙解剖。结果茎突前间隙以咽上缩肌及翼内肌作为解剖标志,茎突咽肌、茎突舌肌是茎突前间隙的后界也是进入茎突后间隙的标志,重要的血管及后组颅神经(舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经)位于茎突后间隙。以茎突尖端为标志测量距舌咽神经、舌下神经及迷走神经的水平距离分别为(3.05±0.08)mm(2.94~3.14 mm)、(2.94±0.04)mm(2.44~2.56 mm)、(1.50±0.03)mm(1.46~1.56 mm);以茎突咽肌为标志进行测量,距舌下神经及迷走神经的水平距离分别为:(3.00±0.03)mm(2.96~3.04 mm)、(5.99±0.03)mm(5.94~6.04 mm),而舌咽神经基本紧贴该肌内侧面。副神经的走行距离茎突及茎突咽肌较远,经口手术径路几乎不会碰到。结论内镜辅助下经口径路可较好的暴露咽旁间隙结构,咽上缩肌、翼内肌、茎突咽肌、茎突舌肌是重要的解剖标志。

关键词： 经自然腔道手术   解剖学   手术入路  

摘要： 目的:通过对人尸体的解剖观察,探讨选择经胃NOTES穿刺点的必备要素,为NOTES的手术入路提供可以借鉴的解剖依据。方法:福尔马林固定的标本34具,预先经肝门静脉灌注蓝色乳胶,经股动脉灌注红色乳胶,用于测量胃网膜血管分支间的距离、分支的长度,胃网膜血管的分布特点的形态观察和进行血管测量。结果:胃网膜动脉主干发出的长分支血管长度为(1.4±0.2)cm,胃网膜动脉主干发出的短分支血管长度为(0.4±0.1)cm,胃网膜动脉长分支间的平均距离(1.3±0.5)cm,最佳穿刺点至大弯距离为(2.9±0.6)cm,最佳穿刺点至幽门距离为(7.9±0.9)cm,最佳穿刺点至胃角距离为(3.1±1.0)cm;内镜下尸体标本中,胃大弯皱襞间数量(6.2±1.2)个;内镜下尸体标本中,最佳穿刺点与胃大弯皱襞间的解剖关系:(1.9±1.2)cm;内镜下尸体标本中,最佳穿刺点与窦体交接线间的解剖关系:(2.4±1.5)cm。结论:胃网膜动脉主干发出的分支血管呈现长短长短的规律。最佳穿刺点在未被肝脏覆盖的胃前壁游离区,避开胃网膜血管分支。最佳穿刺点距胃大弯皱襞间的距离为(1.9±1.2)cm,与窦体交接线间的距离为(2.4±1.5)cm。

摘要： We discuss a new framework for understanding the structure of motor control. Our approach integrates existing models of motor control with the reality of hierarchical cortical processing and the parallel segregated loops that characterize cortical-subcortical connections. We also incorporate the recent claim that cortex functions via predictive representation and optimal information utilization. Our framework assumes that each cortical area engaged in motor control generates a predictive model of a different aspect of motor behavior. In maintaining these predictive models, each area interacts with a different part of the cerebellum and BG. These subcortical areas are thus engaged in domain-appropriate system identification and optimization. This refocuses the question of division of function among different cortical areas. What are the different aspects of motor behavior that are predictively modeled? We suggest that one fundamental division is between modeling of task and body whereas another is the model of state and action. Thus, we propose that the posterior parietal cortex, somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, and motor cortex represent task state, body state, task action, and body action, respectively. In the second part of this review, we demonstrate how this division of labor can better account for many recent findings of movement encoding, especially in the premotor and posterior parietal cortices.

关键词： Behavioral variant FTD   Fractional anisotropy   Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus   Frontal system Behavioral scale  

摘要： Neuroanatomical correlates of apathy and disinhibition, behavioral abnormalities in behavioral variant Frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) remain unclear. In this study 45 participants (25 bvFTD patients and 20 controls) provided data on clinical, neuropsychological, behavioral (on Frontal Systems Behavior (FrSBe) Scale), cortical volume (on voxel-based morphometry (VBM)) and tract based spatial fractional anisotropy ((FA) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allowing examination of the neural correlates of apathy and disinhibition. The patients with bvFTD had predominant grey matter loss and corresponding white matter fractional anisotropy reduction in the frontal and temporal lobe compared to the controls. Grey matter loss in frontal, temporal and limbic structures correlated with apathy and degeneration in temporal limbic brain areas correlated with disinhibition. FA changes in inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and forceps minor correlated with apathy and fibre integrity changes in the superior longitudinal fasciculus correlated with disinhibition. The current study suggests that apathy and disinhibition arises due to changes in the frontal, temporal and limbic brain areas in bvFTD.

关键词： Chronic interictal epileptic psychosis   MRI   Left postcentral gyrus   Left supra marginal gyrus  

摘要： There may be different neural bases between subjects with epilepsy only (EP) and interictal chronic epilepsy psychosis (EPS). However, there have been few structural MRI studies of EPS. The current study was conducted to investigate the neural substrate of EPS. T1-weighted images were analyzed in 14 patients with EPS and 14 strictly-matched patients with EP. We conducted volume comparison in the whole brain using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). The VBM method revealed that EPS patients exhibited significantly reduced gray matter volumes in the left postcentral gyrus and the left supra marginal gyrus compared with EP patients (adjustedp = 0.029, FDR correctedq;k = 319 voxels). For clinical correlations, there were no significant associations between psychotic symptoms and gray matter volumes in the left postcentral gyrus and the left supra marginal gyrus. VBM analysis revealed that reduced gray matter volumes in the left postcentral gyrus and the left supra marginal gyrus may be crucial regions for EPS.

关键词： NKB   Kisspeptin   Dynorphin   GnRH pulses  

摘要： Work during the last decade has led to a novel hypothesis for a question that is half a century old: how is the secretory activity of GnRH neurons synchronized to produce episodic GnRH secretion. This hypothesis posits that a group of neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) that contain kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (known as KNDy neurons) fire simultaneously to drive each GnRH pulse. Kisspeptin is proposed to be the output signal to GnRH neurons with NKB and dynorphin acting within the KNDy network to initiate and terminate each pulse, respectively. This review will focus on the importance of neuroanatomical studies in general and, more specifically, on the work of Dr Marcel Amstalden during his postdoctoral fellowship with the authors, to the development and testing of this hypothesis. Critical studies in sheep that laid the foundation for much of the KNDy hypothesis included the report that a group of neurons in the ARC contain both NKB and dynorphin and appear to form an interconnected network capable of firing synchronously, and Marcel's observations that the NKB receptor is found in most KNDy neurons, but not in any GnRH neurons. Moreover, reports that almost all dynorphin-NKB neurons and kisspeptin neurons in the ARC contained steroid receptors led directly to their common identification as "KNDy" neurons. Subsequent anatomical work demonstrating that KNDy neurons project to GnRH somas and terminals, and that kisspeptin receptors are found in GnRH, but not KNDy neurons, provided important tests of this hypothesis. Recent work has explored the time course of dynorphin release onto KNDy neurons and has begun to apply new approaches to the issue, such as RNAscope in situ hybridization and the use of whole tissue optical clearing with light-sheet microscopy. Together with other approaches, these anatomical techniques will allow continued exploration of the functions of the KNDy population and the possible role of other ARC neurons in generation of Gn

关键词： “专升本”考试   临床医学专业   人体解剖学  

摘要： 随着社会的发展,越来越多的医疗单位对医学生的学历提出了更高要求,医学高等教育朝精英化方向发展,大专院校临床医学专业通过“专升本”考试提升学历成为一种必然趋势。《人体解剖学》是临床医学专业“专升本”考试中的三大考试科目之一,通过调整临床专业班级的人体解剖学的教学方案,将人体解剖学教学与考试大纲紧密结合,提高升本率,对学生发展有重要意义。

关键词： 变异肝动脉   解剖学   意义  

摘要： 研究变异肝动脉的解剖学特点并提供解剖数据。方法 以20例成人尸体标本为对象,进行临床解剖,采用Hitta进行变异分型,观察变异动脉分布、形态以及起源。结果 根据Hitta进行肝固有动脉变异分型,20例成人标本中,可以根据Hitta分型标准的标本量13例,其中正常解剖结构13例,属于Ⅰ型,比例达到了65%;替代型或者副肝左动脉起源于胃左动脉2例,属于Ⅱ型,比例10%;副肝左动脉起源于胃左动脉1例,属于Ⅲ型,比例5%;肝总动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉2例,比例10%,另外2例标本为Hitta外的变异肝动脉类型,对其变异情况进行了说明。讨论 两例Hitta分型外的变异肝动脉是胃小弯右侧的主要动脉来源,其分支分布在肝脏的周围,变异形态丰富了临床肝动脉变异研究类型,具有临床手术指导意义。

关键词： 高职院校   康复治疗技术   人体解剖学   教学改革  

摘要： 人体解剖学是一门实践性、应用性很强的学科,是医学生学习其他各学科的基础。人体解剖学的学习质量直接影响到学生今后的学习和发展,在今后的临床工作中,人体解剖学也发挥着重要的作用。为使学生今后能顺利就业,相关高职院校不仅要加强学生的知识学习能力,还要培养学生的实际操作能力,使学生更好地掌握临床理论基础和人体解剖学。作者结合自身教学工作经验,本次主要针对康复治疗技术专业人体解剖学教学改革进行深入探讨,所得文献与同行业教学人员共同分享,望对行业的前进起到促进作用。