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关键词： 尸体解剖   医学生   人体解剖学科教育  

摘要： 目的：评估河南推拿职业学院医学生在人体解剖学教学中对尸体解剖的看法和态度。方法：通过问卷星、微信、电子邮箱等途径向研究对象发放一份李克特式调查问卷。结果：大多数学生（84.5%）认为尸体解剖更有趣，是真正学习和了解人体的更好方式;有87%的学生表示尸体解剖能够帮助他们理解从教材上学到的知识点;多数学生（74.5%）认为尸体解剖不应被其他形式的学习所取代。结论：尸体解剖课程给医学生带来了技能、勇气和自信心的提升，因而他们就无需为未来的医学实践担心。因此，建议为尸体解剖分配更多时间。

关键词： 护理专业   解剖学   教学质量  

摘要： 解剖学是基础医学中重要的学科之一,是其他基础医学和临床医学的基础,是护理专业学生的必修课。解剖学教学质量的高低直接影响到其他学科的教学质量,直接影响到培养护生的临床操作能力。目前护理专业解剖学教材大多为多个专业通用教材,并且主要以系统解剖为主,内容多而全,这些内容虽然可以为临床护理打下一定的知识基础,但在深度和广度上都未能紧密结合和充分反映护理专业的特点。教学内容针对性不强,专业性不够突出,导致理论与实践的脱节,从而使得解剖教学不能更好地贴近护理这一特殊的专业。

关键词： brachycephaly   canine   endocast   geometric morphometrics  

摘要： The range of cranial morphology seen in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) is a direct result of thousands of years of selective breeding. This article is the first to investigate how selection for reduced faces in brachycephalic dogs impacted the neuroanatomy of the canine brain through the analysis of endocasts. Previous research has demonstrated global effects on the shape of the bony cranium as the result of these breeding practices;however, these studies have largely focused on the bony structures of the skull and failed to consider the influence of facial reduction on the soft tissues of the brain. We generated endocasts from an existing set of clinically-obtained CT scans representing a variety of dogs with various cranial morphologies. These dogs represented four breeds as well as a comparative sample of dogs of unknown breed. We recorded three-dimensional coordinate data for 31 landmarks representing various gyri, sulci, and other neuroanatomical landmarks that allowed us to analyze differences in shape of the endocasts. Through geometric morphometric analyses, we determined that the endocast shape variance in this sample is correlated with cephalic index, and thus the selection for facial reduction has caused a perceivable effect on canine neuroanatomy. Additionally, we found the majority of the shape variance in the sample to be associated with olfactory anatomy;however, the rest of the morphology also correlates with cephalic index. The results of this article indicate that modern breeding practices and the selection for dogs with short faces have significantly influenced canine neuroanatomy.

关键词： Elite athlete   Qualitative research methods   Patient perceptions   High-value healthcare  

摘要： Objectives: To investigate how elite track and field athletes with a history of musculoskeletal pain (MSKP) describe their perceptions of clinical treatments based on dry needling guided by a neurological map (neuroanatomical dry needling (naDN)). Design: Qualitative study. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with eight elite Swedish track and field athletes (6 males, 2 females, median age 28.5) treated at a clinic specialised in MSKP management. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were structured and analysed using a thematic method. Results: The athletes approached clinical MSKP treatment from a performance-orientated perspective. They explained that they inevitably suffered MSKP episodes due to the intense physical demands of their sport. The use of naDN was considered an integral part of their sports practice and the study clinic's services were readily utilised when MSKP caused minor reductions in physical capacity. The athletes appreciated an unambiguous anatomical diagnosis, preferably supported by imaging scans, as this increased their confidence in clinical services. They valued the naDN treatment as it was perceived to provide fast-acting analgesia that enabled rapid return-to-play. These factors combined to reduce performance-related stress. Conclusions: Elite track and field athletes with a history of MSKP sought and appreciated clinical treatment with naDN largely because it provided fast-acting analgesia that enabled rapid return-to-play at a high-performance level. These athletes' expectations of MSKP diagnosis and management appear incongruent with current research indicating that MSKP sensitivity within the nervous system does not accurately reflect musculoskeletal tissue state or recovery following tissue damage. (C) 2020 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 基础医学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030666550

摘要： 局部解剖学实验是临床医学专业重要基础实验之一，为了适应高等医学教育改革和发展的需要，作者根据高等医学院校学生的培养目标和要求而编写，是培养医学生实践能力和创新能力的重要环节。全书分为绪论、头部、颈部、胸部、腹部、盆部与会阴、脊柱区、上肢和下肢等内容，每一章由四部分组成：实验目的、解剖操作实验内容和练习题。书中文字简明、图文并茂，并附有丰富的练习题。

关键词： First-episode psychosis   mega-analysis   multi-centre   neuroanatomy   voxel-based morphometry  

摘要： Background Neuroanatomical abnormalities in first-episode psychosis (FEP) tend to be subtle and widespread. The vast majority of previous studies have used small samples, and therefore may have been underpowered. In addition, most studies have examined participants at a single research site, and therefore the results may be specific to the local sample investigated. Consequently, the findings reported in the existing literature are highly heterogeneous. This study aimed to overcome these issues by testing for neuroanatomical abnormalities in individuals with FEP that are expressed consistently across several independent samples. Methods Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging data were acquired from a total of 572 FEP and 502 age and gender comparable healthy controls at five sites. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate differences in grey matter volume (GMV) between the two groups. Statistical inferences were made at p < 0.05 after family-wise error correction for multiple comparisons. Results FEP showed a widespread pattern of decreased GMV in fronto-temporal, insular and occipital regions bilaterally;these decreases were not dependent on anti-psychotic medication. The region with the most pronounced decrease - gyrus rectus - was negatively correlated with the severity of positive and negative symptoms. Conclusions This study identified a consistent pattern of fronto-temporal, insular and occipital abnormalities in five independent FEP samples;furthermore, the extent of these alterations is dependent on the severity of symptoms and duration of illness. This provides evidence for reliable neuroanatomical alternations in FEP, expressed above and beyond site-related differences in anti-psychotic medication, scanning parameters and recruitment criteria.

关键词： Laparoscopy   Anatomy   Neuropelveology  

摘要： Objective Knowledge of the retroperitoneal anatomy is particularly important to facilitate surgical procedure and reduce the number of complications. The objective of this video is to demonstrate pelvic neuroanatomic structures and their relationships in the pelvic sidewall and the presacral space in a laparoscopic cadaveric dissection. Design Case report (anatomic study). Setting Medical training center (AdventHealth Nicholson Center, Orlando, FL). Interventions The dissection started with the mobilization of the iliac vessels from the pelvic sidewall to identify the obturator nerve. The peritoneum of the ovarian fossa was opened, and the ureter was dissected up to the level of the uterine artery. The hypogastric nerve was identified. The close relationship between the ovarian fossa and the obturator nerve could be demonstrated. The deep dissection of the obturator fossa allowed for the identification of the lumbosacral trunk, S1, the sciatic nerve, S2, S3, S4, and the splanchnic nerves. Then, the ischial spine and the sacrospinous ligament were identified. The pudendal nerve and vessels could be observed passing below the sacrospinous ligament, entering the pudendal canal (Alcock's canal). The presacral space was dissected, and the hypogastric fascia was opened. S1 to S4 were identified coming from the sacral foramens. The laparoscopic dissection, using the cadaveric model, allowed for the development of the entire retroperitoneal anatomy, focusing on the dissection of the pelvic innervation. Anatomic relationships among the ureter, the hypogastric nerve, the uterosacral ligament, the splanchnic nerves, the inferior hypogastric plexus, and the organs (bowel, vagina, uterus, and bladder) could be demonstrated. Conclusion A laparoscopic cadaveric dissection can be used as a resource to demonstrate and educate surgeons about the neurologic retroperitoneal structures and their relationships.

关键词： Social eavesdropping   Social learning   Male golden hamster   Bystander   c-Fos immunohistochemistry   Cortisol   Cingulate cortex   Neural activity   Delta oscillation   Behavioral consequence  

摘要： Social eavesdropping is a low-cost learning mechanism by which individuals extract relevant social information from social interactions between conspecifics, thereby gaining subsequent advantages in information gathering and usage. The aim of this study was to take advantage of a new hamster model of social eavesdropping to investigate behavioral consequences and neural activity in male hamsters during social eavesdropping. Bystander hamsters with a defeat experience were exposed to either a fighting interaction, a neutral encounter, or control conditions for 3 days of social eavesdropping. In Experiment 1, bystanders in the fight and neutral groups displayed more information gathering behaviors and less nonsocial behavior than control hamsters. The fight group displayed significant increases in c-Fos-positive neurons in the anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC) and the piriform cortex. A slight but not significant group difference was found in their serum cortisol levels. In vivo local field potential oscillation recordings in Experiment 2 revealed that bystanders in the fight group had more delta oscillations in the aMCC during information gathering across 3-day social eavesdropping than those in the other 2 groups. Experiment 3 confirmed that 20 min of social eavesdropping on Day 1 was sufficient to evoke differential behavioral outcomes, and the behavioral responses became more prominent after 3 days of social eavesdropping. Collectively, our study confirmed that male golden hamsters are capable of social eavesdropping and indicated the involvement of aMCC delta oscillations in social eavesdropping.

关键词： 菟葵属   花瓣   变异式样   发育   表皮微形态   蜜腺结构   性状演化  

摘要： 花是被子植物(Angiospermae)重要的创新性状,丰富多样的花部结构是适应不同的生存环境和传粉媒介的产物,主要体现在花的整体形态(如对称性)和花器官(如类型、数目和发生顺序)上。花瓣是花的演化中最晚出现的器官,其多样性与传粉者之间相互适应。毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)位于真双子叶植物的基部,保留了大量的原始性状,大多类群的花瓣同时具分泌蜜汁的功能,是研究花瓣多样性及生态功能的重要材料。菟葵属(Eranthis Salisb.)位于毛茛科升麻族(Cimicifugeae),花瓣为复杂的二唇形,具有细长的柄、上唇、二裂的下唇、蜜腺槽和假蜜腺等特殊附属结构,花瓣在属内存在明显的变异,是研究花变异式样、复杂花瓣发生发育、蜜腺结构和功能的理想材料。本研究选取菟葵属系统进化树上不同分支的4个种,菟葵(Eranthis stellata Maxim.)、浅裂菟葵(Eranthis lobulata ***)、日本菟葵(Eranthis pinnatifida Maxim.)和冬菟葵(Eranthis hyemalis(L.)Salisb.)作为研究对象,通过数理统计分析法、扫描电镜法、石蜡切片法、半薄切片法、透射电镜法和性状重建等手段对花结构式样变异、花瓣发育过程、花瓣表皮细胞类型、成熟结构、超微结构和花瓣性状演化进行研究,此外选取与菟葵属花瓣结构同样复杂的黑种草属(Nigella L.)大马士革黑种草(Nigella damascena L.)为外类群,在花瓣的结构和蜜腺功能分化方面进行比较。结果表明:(1)花器官数目及形态:菟葵属各类花器官数目和器官总数十分不稳定,花器官之间在数目上成正相关;雄蕊数量与器官总数相关性最高,数目变化范围大,占器官总数最高,是器官总数变化的主要贡献者;花被器官数符合modified error function(ERF)模型。菟葵属植物的萼片为椭圆形、披针形,边缘光滑,变异萼片在先端出现二裂、三裂和四裂等;花瓣下唇的裂片数和分裂程度、假蜜腺的数量和上唇边缘形态等方面都出现了变异,其中下唇裂片数目增加至3的情况最常见,其次为增加至4和上唇深裂。(2)花瓣形态发育特征:发育可以分为5个阶段,包括花瓣原基发生、花瓣原基中央产生凹陷和突起、突起愈合、附属结构发生、花瓣成熟。早期发育阶段相同,在阶段4时,由于部分种并没有在下唇或上唇处形成突起,成熟结构最后没有假蜜腺进而产生分化,最后导致花瓣形态结构多样性的形成。(3)花瓣表皮微形态:成熟花瓣的表皮细胞依据形态特点和功能可划分为10类,分泌表皮细胞一种(类型5);在具假蜜腺的菟葵、浅裂菟葵和日本菟葵中,假蜜腺有3种细胞,分别是表面光滑不规则形的扁平细胞(类型1)、表面具蜡质纹饰的乳突形细胞(类型6)和表面光滑的多边形细胞(类型8),具一定反光能力。菟葵花瓣细胞类型最为复杂,共有5种,冬菟葵细胞类型最简单,仅有3种。(4)成熟花瓣结构:菟葵属成熟花瓣为二唇形,蜜腺位于囊状蜜腺槽的基部,由1层分泌表皮细胞、9-13层分泌薄壁细胞及维管组织构成,除冬菟葵外,其余三种均具有假蜜腺,菟葵和浅裂菟葵的假蜜腺位于下唇中央,日本菟葵的假蜜腺位于上唇和下唇顶端,菟葵的假蜜腺为立体结构明显的半球形,浅裂菟葵和日本菟葵的假蜜腺轻微膨大,假蜜腺由1层表皮细胞,6-12层薄壁细胞和维管组织构成,菟葵假蜜腺细胞层数最多,维管组织位于假蜜腺背侧。花瓣的上唇瓣片最薄,约3-5层细胞。(5)花瓣蜜腺和假蜜腺超微结构:菟葵属的分泌细胞体积小,细胞内有大量线粒体、内质网、高尔基体和质体等细胞器,此外也分布有含不同形状晶体的小液泡。分泌表皮细胞的外切向壁加厚,角质层上有丰富的微通道,同时有分泌物覆盖。细胞间隙内储存有大量蜜汁,胞间连丝发达。筛管遍布分泌薄壁细胞之间,并向表皮延伸,导管主要位于蜜腺下方,蜜腺分泌蜜汁主要通过微通道或细胞破裂进行。假蜜腺的表皮细胞不同于分泌区,角质层外无分泌物累积,细胞质不浓厚,液泡较大,存在大量淀粉粒;薄壁细胞的细胞间隙没有蜜汁,细胞器较少。以黑种草为外类群对比发现,黑种草分泌区的表皮细胞外切向壁明显加厚,和薄壁细胞都具有壁内突。(6)花瓣祖先性状重建:基于花瓣是否存在、蜜腺是否存在、假蜜腺数量以及假蜜腺立体程度这几个关键性状对菟葵属进行祖先状态重建后发现,菟葵属花的祖先状态为具花瓣、有蜜腺但无假蜜腺的结构。假蜜腺在属中经历了从缺失到出现再到增多、从不发达到发达的演化过程。