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关键词： Antiquity   Connectivity tracing   History   Human dissection   Neuroanatomy   Staining   Thalamus  

摘要： The most distant roots of neuroanatomy trace back to antiquity, with the first human dissections, but no document which would identify the thalamus as a brain structure has reached us. Claudius Galenus (Galen) gave to the thalamus the name ?thalamus nervorum opticorum?, but later on, other names were used (e.g., anchae, or buttocks-like). In 1543, Andreas Vesalius provided the first quality illustrations of the thalamus. During the 19th century, tissue staining techniques and ablative studies contributed to the breakdown of the thalamus into subregions and nuclei. The next step was taken using radiomarkers to identify connections in the absence of lesions. Anterograde and retrograde tracing methods arose in the late 1960s, supporting extension, revision, or confirmation of previously established knowledge. The use of the first viral tracers introduced a new methodological breakthrough in the mid-1970s. Another important step was supported by advances in neuroimaging of the thalamus in the 21th century. The current review follows the history of the thalamus through these technical revolutions from Antiquity to the present day.

关键词： Fluorescence imaging   Neuroscience   RNA sequencing   Transcriptomics  

摘要： Sun et al. present BARseq2, a high-throughput method combining in situ sequencing of endogenous mRNAs with barcode-based axonal projection mapping, and apply it to identify cadherins that correlate with similar projections in two cortical areas. Functional circuits consist of neurons with diverse axonal projections and gene expression. Understanding the molecular signature of projections requires high-throughput interrogation of both gene expression and projections to multiple targets in the same cells at cellular resolution, which is difficult to achieve using current technology. Here, we introduce BARseq2, a technique that simultaneously maps projections and detects multiplexed gene expression by in situ sequencing. We determined the expression of cadherins and cell-type markers in 29,933 cells and the projections of 3,164 cells in both the mouse motor cortex and auditory cortex. Associating gene expression and projections in 1,349 neurons revealed shared cadherin signatures of homologous projections across the two cortical areas. These cadherins were enriched across multiple branches of the transcriptomic taxonomy. By correlating multigene expression and projections to many targets in single neurons with high throughput, BARseq2 provides a potential path to uncovering the molecular logic underlying neuronal circuits.

ISBN: (纸本)9787115550415

关键词： Transgender   MRI   Mega-analysis   ENIGMA   Anatomy   Sex differences  

摘要： Background: In contrast to cisgender persons, transgender persons identify with a different gender than the one assigned at birth. Although research on the underlying neurobiology of transgender persons has been accumulating over the years, neuroimaging studies in this relatively rare population are often based on very small samples resulting in discrepant findings. Aim: To examine the neurobiology of transgender persons in a large sample. Methods: Using a mega-analytic approach, structural MRI data of 803 non-hormonally treated transgender men (TM, n = 214, female assigned at birth with male gender identity), transgender women (TW, n = 172, male assigned at birth with female gender identity), cisgender men (CM, n = 221, male assigned at birth with male gender identity) and cisgender women (CW, n = 196, female assigned at birth with female gender identity) were analyzed. Outcomes: Structural brain measures, including grey matter volume, cortical surface area, and cortical thickness. Results: Transgender persons differed significantly from cisgender persons with respect to (sub)cortical brain volumes and surface area, but not cortical thickness. Contrasting the 4 groups (TM, TW, CM, and CW), we observed a variety of patterns that not only depended on the direction of gender identity (towards male or towards female) but also on the brain measure as well as the brain region examined. Clinical Translation: The outcomes of this large-scale study may provide a normative framework that may become useful in clinical studies. Strengths and Limitations: While this is the largest study of MRI data in transgender persons to date, the analyses conducted were governed (and restricted) by the type of data collected across all participating sites. Conclusion: Rather than being merely shifted towards either end of the male-female spectrum, transgender persons seem to present with their own unique brain phenotype. Copyright (C) 2021, International Society of Sexual Medicine. Publishe

关键词： Neuroscience   Prognostic markers   Schizophrenia  

摘要： Serum neuronal autoantibodies, such as those to the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), are detectable in a subgroup of patients with psychotic disorders. It is not known if they are present before the onset of psychosis or whether they are associated with particular clinical features or outcomes. In a case-control study, sera from 254 subjects at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and 116 healthy volunteers were tested for antibodies against multiple neuronal antigens implicated in CNS autoimmune disorders, using fixed and live cell-based assays (CBAs). Within the CHR group, the relationship between NMDAR antibodies and symptoms, cognitive function and clinical outcomes over 24 month follow-up was examined. CHR subjects were not more frequently seropositive for neuronal autoantibodies than controls (8.3% vs. 5.2%;OR = 1.50;95% CI: 0.58-3.90). The NMDAR was the most common target antigen and NMDAR IgGs were more sensitively detected with live versus fixed CBAs (p < 0.001). Preliminary phenotypic analyses revealed that within the CHR sample, the NMDAR antibody seropositive subjects had higher levels of current depression, performed worse on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (p < 0.05), and had a markedly lower IQ (p < 0.01). NMDAR IgGs were not more frequent in subjects who later became psychotic than those who did not. NMDAR antibody serostatus and titre was associated with poorer levels of functioning at follow-up (p < 0.05) and the presence of a neuronal autoantibody was associated with larger amygdala volumes (p < 0.05). Altogether, these findings demonstrate that NMDAR autoantibodies are detectable in a subgroup of CHR subjects at equal rates to controls. In the CHR group, they are associated with affective psychopathology, impairments in verbal memory, and overall cognitive function: these findings are qualitatively and individually similar to core features of autoimmune encephalitis and/or animal models of NMDAR antibody-mediated CNS disease. Overall the current wo

关键词： 问题教学法   高职护理   解剖学   实验教学  

摘要： 解剖学实验教学和护理操作水平之间存在着密切的联系性,但解剖学课程结构较为复杂,且内容也是非常多,因而对于教学工作的开展要具备很高的要求,在此情况下若想保障高职护理解剖学实验教学工作的开展质量,那么就应在其中积极引入问题教学法,切实凸显出学生在实验课堂中的主体地位,提高学生的学习成效。基于此,本文主要探讨问题教学法在高职护理解剖学实验教学中的应用方式。

关键词： 踝关节   外踝韧带   解剖学   踝扭伤  

摘要： 目的:观察踝关节不同体位下距腓前韧带(anterior talofibular ligament,ATFL)和跟腓韧带(calcaneofibular ligament,CFL)的形态学变化,并测量其基本参数、止点面积及韧带间的角度,为临床外踝韧带损伤的诊断和治疗提供参考。方法:选取47例国人踝关节标本,解剖外踝结构直至显露出外踝韧带,观察并记录ATFL和CFL的形态及分束。测量不同分束在踝关节中立位、背伸位、跖屈位及跖屈内翻位时的韧带长度和宽度,以及中立位下ATFL和CFL之间的夹角。将韧带从止点离断、标记并用Image J软件计算附着区域面积。结果:共有13例(27.6%)标本的ATFL呈单束结构,31例(66%)标本的ATFL由双束构成,余下3例(6.4%)由三束构成。中立位时单束ATFL平均长18.91±2.95 mm(与双束ATFL中的上束长度19.4±2.53 mm接近)、宽6.70±1.37 mm;其余分束结构的长、宽均小于单束的测量数值。CFL的长、宽分别为26.73±3.49 mm和4.95±0.97 mm。ATFL和CFL在中立位的角度约113°。各韧带的形态、位置及参数随踝关节体位的改变而发生变化。CFL在跟骨上的止点面积最大(1.40±0.38cm^(2)),大于其在腓骨端的面积(0.53±0.18 cm^(2))以及ATFL在腓骨(≤0.62±0.18 cm^(2))或距骨端(≤0.53±0.16 cm^(2))的面积。结论:踝关节ATFL的形态存在着一定变异,ATFL和CFL在不同体位下会发生形态和参数的改变,各束韧带的功能可能存在差异。这有助于了解正常踝关节的结构和功能,并推测韧带损伤的机理。韧带之间的角度及止点面积可能为解剖修复外踝韧带提供一定参考。