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关键词： 基础医学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030649164

摘要： 本教材为高职高专医药院校课程改革创新教材之一，系根据本套教材的编写指导思想和原则，结合本课程的教学目标、教学内容与任务要求编写而成。本教材分两篇，第一篇为人体解剖学，以系统解剖学为主，适当介绍某些部位的局部解剖学；第二篇为组织胚胎学，组织学主要介绍基本组织、主要器官的微细结构，胚胎学根据专业需要，只介绍人体胚胎发育概要。本教材具有专业针对性强，紧密结合职业能力要求，注重理论与临床密切联系，对接国家执业资格考试要求，免费提供与纸质教材配套的“中科云教育”平台在线学习平台等特点。

关键词： neuroanatomy education   medical education   blended learning   student engagement   online learning   community of practice   student partnership   distance learning   Covid-19  

摘要： Anatomists are well placed to tackle the transition from face-to-face to blended learning approaches as a result of the rapidly forced changes brought about by Covid-19. The subject is extremely visual and has, therefore, previously been a target for the development of technology-enhanced learning initiatives over the last ten years. Today's students have come to expect the integration of technology in the classroom and remotely. They adjust quickly to the innovative use of new applications and software and have begun to integrate it within their own workflow for note taking and study aids. Given the intense drive toward blended deliveries of anatomy as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, it is easy to picture how the benefits of working in partnership with students (in order to achieve many of these aims) would be possible, particularly in difficult subjects like neuroanatomy. In doing so, it provides anatomists with new opportunities to engage students in a way that aligns well with best practice frameworks for engaging students through partnership. The current United Kingdom guidelines set out by Advance HE (a professional membership organization for promoting excellence in higher education) strongly encourages the higher education community to seek out appropriate academic contexts where a balance of power can be struck between staff and student to create a community of practice. If such an approach can be fully embraced by anatomists, a strong argument can be made for seizing the opportunity to optimize the benefits of student partnership work in this discipline.

关键词： EEG   inferior frontal cortex   predictive processes   sequence learning   signal decomposition   statistical learning  

摘要： Humans are capable of acquiring multiple types of information presented in the same information stream. It has been suggested that at least two parallel learning processes are important during learning of sequential patterns-statistical learning and rule-based learning. Yet, the neurophysiological underpinnings of these parallel learning processes are not fully understood. To differentiate between the simultaneous mechanisms at the single trial level, we apply a temporal EEG signal decomposition approach together with sLORETA source localization method to delineate whether distinct statistical and rule-based learning codes can be distinguished in EEG data and can be related to distinct functional neuroanatomical structures. We demonstrate that concomitant but distinct aspects of information coded in the N2 time window play a role in these mechanisms: mismatch detection and response control underlie statistical learning and rule-based learning, respectively, albeit with different levels of time-sensitivity. Moreover, the effects of the two learning mechanisms in the different temporally decomposed clusters of neural activity also differed from each other in neural sources. Importantly, the right inferior frontal cortex (BA44) was specifically implicated in visuomotor statistical learning, confirming its role in the acquisition of transitional probabilities. In contrast, visuomotor rule-based learning was associated with the prefrontal gyrus (BA6). The results show how simultaneous learning mechanisms operate at the neurophysiological level and are orchestrated by distinct prefrontal cortical areas. The current findings deepen our understanding on the mechanisms of how humans are capable of learning multiple types of information from the same stimulus stream in a parallel fashion.

关键词： horse   impinging DSPs   kissing spines   nerves  

摘要： Impinging/overriding dorsal spinous processes (DSPs) of the thoracolumbar vertebrae are a common cause of poor performance in horses. In the last five decades, numerous surgical treatments have been reported on, from transverse transection of the affected DSPs, and endoscopic resection of the affected DSPs, to transection of the interspinous ligament. Until recently, cosmetic outcomes have been reported as good to excellent in studies. However, a previously unreported complication of neurogenic atrophy of the contralateral epaxial muscle following desmotomy of the interspinous ligament has been recently reported. The authors hypothesised that this was because of a more lateral approach than previously described, resulting in the scissors being too far across midline and transecting a nerve in the region. Considering this finding, we have reviewed the literature on the neuroanatomy of the thoracolumbar region in the horse. Literature on the neuroanatomy of the horse is lacking when compared with that of humans and companion animals, with most of the work extrapolated from companion animals. Based on the current literature, we hypothesise that transection of an intermediate branch of the dorsal spinal nerve supplying the m. longissimus is potentially the cause of the post-operative neurogenic atrophy. The lack of detailed knowledge of the neural anatomy of the equine back has resulted in the role of local anaesthesia in localising pain in the equine back being poorly understood. The wide variation in techniques used for localising back pain may explain why some horses suffering from poor performance or an abnormal gait because of back pain improve to local anaesthesia of the back while others do not. This review article highlights a lack of anatomical knowledge regarding the equine thoracolumbar region in the literature despite diagnostic local anaesthesia, medication, and surgery in this area being relatively common.

关键词： 基础医学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030693259

摘要： 本实验教材是人体解剖学的系列配套教材之一。实验课是理论与实践相结合、培养学生动手能力和创造性思维能力的重要方式，是教学的重要环节。本实验教材内容编写的顺序和与之配套的《人体系统解剖学》教材一致，分为运动系、内脏系、脉管系和调节系四大篇，每篇又分为若干章节。实验内容编写以节为单位，按照课前导学、实验目的、实验标本和模型、实验方法、实验内容指导和课后思考与讨论等六个环节进行编写。本实验教材注重系统性和科学性，具有语言精练、简明准确和图文并茂的特点。

关键词： Antonio Scarpa   Scarpa triangle   Scarpa ganglion   Tabulae neurologicae   Vestibular nerve   Vestibular neurectomy  

摘要： Nearly 250 years ago, Antonio Scarpa became a professor of anatomy and surgery only 2 years after he graduated from the University of Padua. The young lecturer soon became one of the most renowned anatomists in Italy and a director of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Pavia. He worked in the fields of general surgery and ophthalmology. Several anatomic structures have been named after him, mainly Scarpa fascia and Scarpa triangle. His interest in neuroanatomy was ardent, despite being occasionally neglected. Scarpa's contributions to the fields of neurosciences have been significant. He was the first to describe the round window and the secondary tympanic membrane, and he eventually focused on the auditory and olfactory organs. Notably, the vestibular ganglion is now known as Scarpa ganglion. Scarpa's magnum opus was the book Tabulae Neurologicae, in which he described the path of several cranial nerves including the vagus nerve and innervation of the heart. Since his death in 1832, Scarpa's head has been preserved at the University History Museum of the University of Pavia. In this historical vignette, we aim to describe Antonio Scarpa's troubled life and brilliant career, focusing on his core contributions to neuroanatomy, neurosurgery, and otoneurosurgery.

关键词： CAT12   Gray matter   Adhesio interthalamica   Voxel-based morphometry   Frontal cortex   Individual differences  

摘要： The adhesio interthalamica (AI) is a small midline brain structure that connects the left and right thalamus. According to in vivo data, between 2.3 and 22.3% of the general population lack the AI, and the question of whether this absence is more prevalent in males than in females is a matter of debate. Despite the existence of these demographic figures, it remains unclear how this distinctive feature affects healthy people, or what specific anatomic profile is related to the presence or absence of the AI. The aim of this study was to investigate whole-brain gray matter (GM) volumetric differences depending on the presence or absence of the AI. A total of 240 healthy adult volunteers completed one MRI scanning session. After the AI assessment, the data from 110 participants were included in the final sample, of which 12.9% of the participants (n = 31) presented complete AI absence vs. 32.9% of participants (n = 79) who presented complete AI presence. Then, whole-brain group comparison analysis revealed that the absent AI brain, compared to the present AI brain, was associated with lower GM volume in the premotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior temporal cortex. Interestingly, neuroscience research has linked emotional and cognitive control brain processing to the latter two regions. The importance of these findings lies in providing a neuroanatomical profile for the absent AI brain in healthy human adults.

关键词： 人体解剖学   线上线下混合式   教学的  

摘要： 近几年,随着“互联网+”技术的繁荣,出现了职教云、优慕课等线上线下融合的互动式教育教学模式。人体解剖学是各专业医学生首先接触到的一门重要的医学基础课程。本研究以人体解剖学教学为例,研究线上线下混合式教学模式,以期为高职高专医学课程的教学改革提供新的思路和借鉴。