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关键词： 人民卫生出版社   出版发行   解剖学家   应用解剖学   神经内外科   临床工作实践   颅神经   脑神经  

摘要： 由解剖学家韩建生教授和厦门大学附属厦门眼科中心刘旭阳教授共同编著的《脑神经应用解剖学》于2021年5月由人民卫生出版社正式出版发行。《脑神经应用解剖学》采用了大量原创脑神经图谱、实体解剖资料、临床典型病例及部分MRI及OCT等现代影像学检查图片,详细阐述了十二对颅神经起源、走行、分布及效应器官,内容深入浅出,详实生动,清晰易懂。该书的编撰注重密切结合临床工作实践,从解剖学角度分析典型病例的症状和体征,解答临床上一些颅神经相关疾病的关联问题,是一本名副其实的“应用”解剖学参考书,能为从事临床医学(特别是眼、耳鼻喉科和神经内外科)的医生提供一把释难解惑的钥匙。

关键词： 功能解剖学   教学模式   教学方法  

摘要： 功能解剖学是一门研究正常人体器官、位置、形态和功能的科学,隶属于生物科学形态学范畴,是一门多学科交叉的课程。因此,在进行功能解剖学教学过程中,应注重基于康复治疗专业的课程教学模式探索,从而提高学生的学习效果以及教师的教学质量。本文从目前功能解剖学开展现状以及存在的问题出发,探究如何在教学过程中改变以往的教学模式从而提升教学效果。

关键词： 神经解剖学   神经病学   神经外科学   教研室主任   神经生理学   上海医学院   人体解剖学   医学院院长  

摘要： 由耶鲁大学神经学、神经生理学及神经外科学教授哈尔·布鲁门菲尔德(Hal Blumenfeld)编著,空军军医大学人体解剖与组织胚胎学教研室暨梁銶琚脑研究中心主任李云庆教授,西北大学医学院院长、西北大学神经病学系主任、西北大学脑科学研究中心主任赵钢教授,复旦大学附属中山医院党委书记、复旦大学上海医学院神经病学系主任汪昕教授,以及大连医科大学人体解剖学教研室主任隋鸿锦教授共同主译的《临床神经解剖学:病例解析》已于2021年3月由天津科技翻译出版有限公司出版。

关键词： 肠系膜   腹膜   腹膜腔   肠系膜病变  

摘要： 将肠系膜分类为一个器官的提议促使临床医生和放射科医生重新认识肠系膜疾病及评估治疗方法。肠系膜解剖学的最新进展和对其结构的更好理解构成了推进疾病治疗进程的基础,并允许开发较少的根治性(包括内镜、放射学和药物治疗)治疗方法。基于肠系膜的影像学评估是相关疾病放射学干预和术后监测计划的重要组成部分。本文旨在阐述肠系膜相关解剖学概念的更新,并将肠系膜疾病分为原发性和继发性病变进行简要叙述。

关键词： 动物解剖学   三维模型虚拟技术   翻转课堂   随堂考核  

摘要： 《动物解剖学》是动物科学、动物医学等专业的一门专业基础课程,理论性与实践性均较强。传统的教学方法存在教学模式单一、独立实践机会少及课程考核方式片面等问题。针对目前《动物解剖学》教学现状,结合三维模型虚拟技术及翻转课堂理念,从现有问题以及教学方法、考核模式的改进等方面进行了探讨和尝试,以期提高《动物解剖学》的教学效果,为提高素质型人才培养质量提供参考。

关键词： “项目驱动式”教学   系统解剖学   教学模式  

摘要： “项目驱动式”教学模式以学生为主体,旨在增强学生的实践动手能力和研究性学习能力。系统解剖学能为学习其他医学课程奠定坚实的基础。通过对当前系统解剖学课程特点、教学方式和学生学习情况的分析,提出“项目驱动式”教学模式,从教学设计、教学组织和教学目标三方面融入“项目驱动式”教学,通过形成性评价对教学进行考核。

关键词： astrocyte   human   morphology   postmortem   stereology  

摘要： Postmortem investigations have implicated astrocytes in many neurological and psychiatric conditions. Multiple brain regions from individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) have lower expression levels of astrocyte markers and lower densities of astrocytes labeled for these markers, suggesting a loss of astrocytes in this mental illness. This paper reviews the general properties of human astrocytes, the methods to study them, and the postmortem evidence for astrocyte pathology in MDD. When comparing astrocyte density and morphometry studies, astrocytes are more abundant and smaller in human subcortical than cortical brain regions, and immunohistochemical labeling for the astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (VIM) reveals fewer than 15% of all astrocytes that are present in cortical and subcortical regions, as revealed using other staining techniques. By combining astrocyte densities and morphometry, a model was made to illustrate that domain organization is mostly limited to GFAP-IR astrocytes. Using these markers and others, alterations of astrocyte densities appear more widespread than those for astrocyte morphologies throughout the brain of individuals having died with MDD. This review suggests how reduced astrocyte densities may relate to the association of depressive episodes in MDD with elevated S100 beta (S100B) cerebrospinal fluid serum levels. Finally, a potassium imbalance theory is proposed that integrates the reduced astrocyte densities generated from postmortem studies with a hypothesis for the antidepressant effects of ketamine generated from rodent studies.

关键词： Neuroanatomy review   Data fusion   Computational framework   Cell-type specificity   Mouse mesoconnectome   Shared factorisation   Multi-modal clustering   Probabilistic inference   Spatial registration   Spatial transcriptomics and proteomics   Connectomics   Tract-tracing   In situ hybridization   Single-cell RNA sequencing   Morphological reconstructions   Barcode sequencing   Light-sheet microscopy   Diffusion tensor imaging  

摘要： Over the past decade there has been a rapid improvement in techniques for obtaining large-scale cellular level data related to the mouse brain connectome. However, a detailed mapping of cell-type-specific projection patterns is lacking, which would, for instance, allow us to study the role of circuit motifs in cognitive processes. In this work, we review advanced neuroanatomical and data fusion techniques within the context of a proposed Multimodal Connectomic Integration Framework for augmenting the cellularly resolved mouse mesoconnectome. First, we emphasize the importance of registering data modalities to a common reference atlas. We then review a number of novel experimental techniques that can provide data for characterizing cell-types in the mouse brain. Furthermore, we examine a number of data integration strategies, which involve fine-grained cell-type classification, spatial inference of cell densities, latent variable models for the mesoconnectome and multi-modal factorisation. Finally, we discuss a number of use cases which depend on connectome augmentation techniques, such as model simulations of functional connectivity and generating mechanistic hypotheses for animal disease models.

关键词： Behavioural genetics   Brain   Development of the nervous system   Genetic association study   Genetics of the nervous system  

摘要： The X-chromosome has long been hypothesized to have a disproportionate influence on the brain based on its enrichment for genes that are expressed in the brain and associated with intellectual disability. Here, we verify this hypothesis through partitioned heritability analysis of X-chromosome influences (XIs) on human brain anatomy in 32,256 individuals from the UK Biobank. We first establish evidence for dosage compensation in XIs on brain anatomy-reflecting larger XIs in males compared to females, which correlate with regional sex-biases in neuroanatomical variance. XIs are significantly larger than would be predicted from X-chromosome size for the relative surface area of cortical systems supporting attention, decision-making and motor control. Follow-up association analyses implicate X-linked genes with pleiotropic effects on cognition. Our study reveals a privileged role for the X-chromosome in human neurodevelopment and urges greater inclusion of this chromosome in future genome-wide association studies. Mallard et al. study the often overlooked X-chromosome's influences on the human brain. They find that X-chromosome influences on cortical surface area are sex biased and concentrated in specific cortical systems.

关键词： Lewy body disease   Visual hallucinations   Dementia with Lewy bodies   Meta-analysis   VBM   MRI   Grey matter volume   Neuropsychology   Memory   Parkinson's disease  

摘要： Visual hallucinations (VH) are common in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, two forms of Lewy body disease (LBD), but the neural substrates and mechanisms involved are still unclear. We conducted meta-analyses of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and neuropsychological studies investigating the neuroanatomical and cognitive correlates of VH in LBD. For VBM (12 studies), we used Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI), including statistical parametric maps for 50% of the studies. For neuropsychology (35 studies), we used MetaNSUE to consider non-statistically significant unreported effects. VH were associated with smaller grey matter volume in occipital, frontal, occipitotemporal, and parietal areas (peak Hedges' g-0.34 to-0.49). In patients with Parkinson's disease without dementia, VH were associated with lower verbal immediate memory performance (Hedges' g-0.52). Both results survived correction for multiple comparisons. Abnormalities in these brain regions might reflect dysfunctions in brain networks sustaining visuoperceptive, attention, and executive abilities, with the latter also being at the basis of poor immediate memory performance.