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关键词： Clitoris   Clitoridoplasty   Clitoral hypertrophy   Clitoromegaly   Plastic surgery   Clitoral hood  

摘要： Clitoral hypertrophy is a rare genital malformation that can be congenital or acquired. In congenital forms, the most common cause is adrenal hyperplasia. The acquired forms are caused by endocrinological diseases, benign tumours or cysts. Idiopathic clitoral hypertrophies can be detected after the elimination of secondary causes. A complete assessment is needed to treat the origin of clitoridomegaly. The hypertrophy is often increased or unmasked during sexual arousal with the appearance of a true vulvar appendage in erection. It is often accompanied by a hypertrophy of the clitoral hood and can cause psychological suffering with an impact on the quality of sexual life. When the cause of clitoral hypertrophy is diagnosed, treated or stabilized, the plastic surgeon may be called upon for surgical correction. Reconstructive surgery in this area has evolved considerably since the historical clitoral amputations which led to the current technique of partial resection with sparing the dorsal neurovascular pedicle of the clitoris as described by Professor Paniel. We propose a modified conservative technique to treat clitoral hypertrophy and the clitoral hood and present two clinical cases: ventral reduction clitoridoplasty with preservation of the neurovascular pedicle associated with a chevron plasty of the clitoral hood and a lipofilling of the labia majora. The postoperative follow-up is simple with reports of great satisfaction from patients regarding their quality of life. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

关键词： custom coil array   noise correlation matrix   posterior coil   SENSE parallel imaging   spine SBRT  

摘要： Purpose To assess the performance and optimize the MR image quality when using a custom-built flexible radiofrequency (RF) spine coil array fitted between the immobilization device and the patient for spine radiotherapy treatment planning. Methods A 32 channel flexible custom-designed receive-only coil array has been developed for spine radiotherapy simulation for a 3 T Philips MR scanner. Coil signal-to-noise performance and interactions with standard vendor hardware were assessed. In four volunteers, immobilization molds were created with a dummy version of the array within the mold, and subjects were scanned using the custom array in the mold. Phantoms and normal volunteers were scanned with both the custom spine coil array and the vendor's FDA-approved in-table posterior coil array to compare performance. Results The superior-inferior field of view for the custom spine array was similar to 30 cm encompassing at least 10 vertebrae. A noise correlation matrix showed at least 25 dB isolation between all coil elements. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculated on a phantom scan at the depth of the spinal cord was a factor of 3 higher with the form-fit spine array as compared to the vendor's posterior coil array. The body coil B-1 transmit map was equivalent with and without the spine array in place demonstrating that the elements are decoupled from the body coil. Volunteer imaging showed improved SNR as compared to the vendor's posterior coil array. The custom array permitted a high degree of acceleration making possible the acquisition of isotropic high-resolution 1.1 x 1.1 x 1.1 mm(3) three-dimensional data set over a 30-cm section of the spine in less than 5 min. Conclusion The custom-designed form-fitting flexible spine coil array provided enhanced SNR and increased acceleration compared to the vendor's posterior array. Future studies will assess MR-based spinal cord imaging with the custom coil in comparison to CT myelogram.

关键词： Extinction   macroevolution   maximum-likelihood   rate dependencies   RPANDA   speciation  

摘要： The comment by Gamisch (2020) draws the attention of users of the R-package RPANDA (Methods Ecol. Evol., 7, 2016, 589) on situations when properly interpreting the results of linear diversification dependencies requires caution. Here we provide clarifications to help users interpreting their results when using any type of functional diversification dependencies with time or the environment.

关键词： motion tracking   synchrony   tomotherapy  

摘要： Purpose To evaluate the performance of the first clinical real-time motion tracking and compensation system using multileaf collimator (MLC) and jaws during helical tomotherapy delivery. Methods Appropriate mechanical and dosimetry tests were performed on the first clinical real-time motion tracking system (Synchrony on Radixact, Accuray Inc) recently installed in our institution. kV radiography dose was measured by CTDIw using a pencil chamber. Changes of beam characteristics with jaw offset and MLC leaf shift were evaluated. Various dosimeters and phantoms including A1SL ion chamber (Standard Imaging), Gafchromic EBT3 films (Ashland), TomoPhantom (Med Cal), ArcCheck (Sun Nuclear), Delta4 (ScandiDos), with fiducial or high contrast inserts, placed on two dynamical motion platforms (CIRS dynamic motion-CIRS, Hexamotion-ScandiDos), were used to assess the dosimetric accuracy of the available Synchrony modalities: fiducial tracking with nonrespiratory motion (FNR), fiducial tracking with respiratory modeling (FR), and fiducial free (e.g., lung tumor tracking) with respiratory modeling (FFR). Motion detection accuracy of a tracking target, defined as the difference between the predicted and instructed target positions, was evaluated with the root mean square (RMS). The dose accuracy of motion compensation was evaluated by verifying the dose output constancy and by comparing measured and planned (predicted) three-dimensional (3D) dose distributions based on gamma analysis. Results The measured CTDIw for a single radiograph with a 120 kVp and 1.6 mAs protocol was 0.084 mGy, implying a low imaging dose of 8.4 mGy for a typical Synchrony motion tracking fraction with 100 radiographs. The dosimetric effect of the jaw swing or MLC leaf shift was minimal on depth dose (<0.5%) and was <2% on both beam profile width and output for typical motions. The motion detection accuracies, that is, RMS, were 0.84, 1.13, and 0.48 mm for FNR, FR, and FFR, respectively, well within the 1.5

关键词： lamb   immunoglobulin   capillary electrophoresis   method comparison  

摘要： Finding a rapid and simple method of serum IgG determination in lambs is essential for monitoring failure of passive transfer of immunity. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of capillary electrophoresis (CE), an instrument mainly used in blood serum protein analysis, to estimate IgG content in serum of newborn lambs through determination of only total Ig percentage by comparing the results with those obtained with radial immunodiffusion (RID), the reference method for serum IgG quantification. Serum samples were collected at 24 h after birth from 40 Sarda lambs. The IgG concentration measured by RID and serum total Ig concentration measured by CE were (mean ± standard deviation) 29.8 ± 16.1 g/L and 37.8 ± 15.0%, respectively. Data provided by RID and CE analysis showed a polynomial trend (RID = 0.02CE² − 0.04CE + 4.13; coefficient of determination, R² = 0.96), displaying a strong relationship between these 2 methods. Applying the polynomial equation, the IgG values were predicted. Predicted IgG values were highly correlated (r = 0.98) and related (R² = 0.96) to IgG values obtained by RID assay. These data were subjected to Bland-Altman analysis, revealing a high level of agreement between CE and RID methods with a bias that was not different from 0 (−0.04 g/L) and agreement limits of −6.38 g/L (low) and +6.30 g/L (high). In addition, the linear regression analysis between differences (dependent variable) and average of IgG concentration by CE and RID (independent variable) did not show proportional bias (R² = 0.01). In conclusion, CE is a reliable instrument for a lamb health monitoring program, where Bland-Altman analysis also confirmed that the CE method can be a suitable alternative to RID.

关键词： 礼貌   礼貌原则   非言语交际   跨文化交际   在华德企  

摘要： 在经济全球化的大背景下，中德两国的贸易往来日渐繁荣，越来越多的德资企业进驻中国，随即而来的是中德双方员工的交往更加密切。礼貌是促进交际和谐的一项基本交际手段，也是人们在交际时普遍遵循的行为规范。此外，非言语交际作为交际的重要组成部分，在交际中与言语行为相互配合和补充，共同影响交际的过程与效果，其重要性不可忽视。然而，由于文化的不同，中德员工对礼貌概念的理解和对非言语行为的解读往往不尽相同。中德的文化差异在一定程度上成为了中德员工跨文化交际的障碍，双方员工在非言语礼貌行为上也时常产生误解。从目前的研究现状来看，还鲜有将中德员工作为研究对象对其非言语礼貌行为进行讨论和分析的实证研究。基于此，本文从中德员工非言语礼貌行为互动的角度出发，研究中德双方对非言语礼貌行为的理解与表达的差异与共性，对促进中德跨文化合作具有现实意义。 本研究选取在华德企的中德双方员工作为研究对象，在跨文化交际、非言语交际和礼貌原则等理论的基础之上，设计访谈提纲，对德国在华企业的14名中国和德国员工进行了半结构式的质性访谈，并利用MAXQDA质性分析软件对访谈数据进行编码和分析，最终得出研究结果。 本文共分为五个部分，分别是引言、理论基础、研究设计与实施、研究结果分析和结语。 引言部分主要介绍本研究的背景、研究意义，阐明了本研究的内容，提出了研究问题，并对论文的结构进行梳理。 理论部分主要从跨文化交际中的非言语交际和礼貌的相关研究两个方面展开。在跨文化交际中的非言语交际层面，本文明确了跨文化交际与非言语交际的概念，并将非言语行为分为身势语、副语言、时间利用和空间利用四类，还对文化对非言语交际的影响进行了讨论；在礼貌相关的理论层面，本文从礼貌的概念入手，以作为西方文化代表的Leech礼貌原则和作为东方文化代表的顾曰国礼貌准则为基础，对两种礼貌原则进行比较和分析，探讨了言语礼貌原则的研究在本研究中的适用性。 在研究设计与实施部分，首先介绍了质性研究方法，阐明了本研究选取质性研究方法的原因；其次说明了本研究采用强度抽样与滚雪球式的抽样方法，并就如何选取访谈对象进行了讨论；之后介绍访谈提纲的设计过程和访谈的具体实施过程；最后对访谈内容三级编码的过程进行了阐述，在这个过程中，说明了利用MAXQDA 2018质性分析软件作为研究的辅助工具。 研究结果分析部分从对礼貌行为的整体感知和对非言语礼貌行为的感知与表达以及对中德双方礼貌交际的建议三个方面展开。首先，本文对中德双方受访者整体的礼貌与不礼貌感知情况进行了分析，既分析中德双方对礼貌概念理解的差异与共同点，又从礼貌行为感知和不礼貌行为感知两个角度，分析了中德双方的感知变化情况；其次对中德双方所感知到的非言语礼貌与不礼貌行为进行了分析；最后结合访谈结果，对中德双方在非言语礼貌方面进行良性的跨文化交际互动提出了建议。 在结语部分中，本文总结了本研究的主要研究成果，指出了本研究的不足和未来可能的研究方向。本研究发现中德双方对礼貌理解既有共同点也有差异。共同点体现在双方都认为尊重是礼貌的核心，并且礼貌会引起交际双方的积极互动，与此对应，不礼貌行为会产生消极互动。对礼貌理解的差异主要在直接与委婉、灵活性与计划性、自我导向与他人导向和形式礼貌与实质礼貌中有所体现。除此之外，本研究发现了中德跨文化交际双方礼貌感知的三种变化形式，即通过调整与适应对方的行为从而减少双方的不礼貌感知、通过调整和接受对方的礼貌行为从而产生新的礼貌认识和礼貌行为，以及因固有存在的民族中心主义而使交际者感到不受尊重从而礼貌感知无变化的情况。本文还对中德双方的非言语礼貌表达方式和对对方礼貌行为的看法进行了探讨，找出了双方非言语礼貌行为的共性，并将其提炼为得体原则、一致原则、利他原则和关注原则，指出了四项礼貌原则相互渗透，并且一致原则是核心。

关键词： 第三空间   理论   语用  

摘要： Claire Kramsch于20世纪90年代提出了第三空间理论。该理论为语言,文化及二语教学等提供了一个全新的跨文化视角。本文在跨文化交际背景下,采用观察和民族志个案研究方法,对一名在英国访学的教师以及一名意大利籍的酒店工作人员进行了一项历时四个月的跟踪研究,尝试探索二语使用者在跨文化交际中的第三语用空间,包括其中涉及的语用策略,语用产出以及受到的影响因素等。研究发现,二语使用者的第三语用空间呈现出较大的个体差异性。此外,第三语用空间的差异性受到诸多因素的影响,包括英语语言水平,文化身份认同,自信程度等。

关键词： 文化失语症   跨文化交际   法律文化   大学英语教学  

摘要： 法律文化是社会文化的一部分,潜意识地制约和规范人们的行为。同样在世界法律文化体系中,中国法律文化扮演着重要的角色。所以,我们要与西方法律文化互相平等地进行交流、学习,从而推动整个人类法律理念的进步和发展。本文从法律文化这一角度出发,透析跨文化交际理念、中国文化知识、专业人才培养和英语教学实践,进而分析“文化失语症”的原因,并对复合人才人文素质的培养、跨文化语用意识的提升、大学英语教学实践的改革等形成关照,期望助益新时代中国传统文化的弘扬和促进国际文化交流的深入。

关键词： 功能对等   跨文化交际   口译实践  

摘要： 摘要 本文以尤金奈达的功能对等理论为支撑，选取笔者在2018年国际美术教育大会上的交替口译经历作为研究背景，通过案例分析的研究方法，探讨跨文化背景下的口译实践策略。在全球化时代背景下，各类跨文化交流情景不断涌现，译员作为跨文化交际中不可或缺的一环，如何把握恰当的口译策略，提升口译实战能力，助力推动国际交流的发展，是本文关注的话题。奈达的功能对等理论强调译文的表达效果，注重为译文受众提供贴切易懂的表达。为了实现准确完整的意义转述，接近功能对等理论所追求的最终效果，译员应采取适当且灵活的翻译方法，并掌握较为丰富的跨文化背景知识。 本文针对本次口译实践的特征、意义、困难与挑战等方面进行了分析与探讨，并结合奈达的功能对等理论总结了相应的口译实践策略。最后，本文对此次口译实践进行项目总结，得出实践中学到的一些经验教训。 关键词：功能对等，跨文化交际，口译实践 摘要 本文以尤金奈达的功能对等理论为支撑，选取笔者在2018年国际美术教育大会上的交替口译经历作为研究背景，通过案例分析的研究方法，探讨跨文化背景下的口译实践策略。在全球化时代背景下，各类跨文化交流情景不断涌现，译员作为跨文化交际中不可或缺的一环，如何把握恰当的口译策略，提升口译实战能力，助力推动国际交流的发展，是本文关注的话题。奈达的功能对等理论强调译文的表达效果，注重为译文受众提供贴切易懂的表达。为了实现准确完整的意义转述，接近功能对等理论所追求的最终效果，译员应采取适当且灵活的翻译方法，并掌握较为丰富的跨文化背景知识。 本文针对本次口译实践的特征、意义、困难与挑战等方面进行了分析与探讨，并结合奈达的功能对等理论总结了相应的口译实践策略。最后，本文对此次口译实践进行项目总结，得出实践中学到的一些经验教训。 关键词：功能对等，跨文化交际，口译实践