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关键词： 合同形式   法国民法典   公证形式   非要式原则  

摘要： 在所有现代的法律体制中,一些交易只有采用特殊形式才能得到法律的承认.不过,这些对形式的要求通常是非要式这个一般原则的例外.许多法律体制都明确规定了此原则,如《瑞士债务法》第11条规定,仅在法律专门规定时,特殊的形式才为决定合同有效性的因素(亦可参见《奥地利普通民法典》第883条).然而与此不同的是,《德国民法典》--一贯强调简洁、抽象而非明白、通俗--只能从第125条中推导出此原则.该条规定,在通常情况下,法律行为无论采取何种形式都有效.

关键词： 合同诈骗   直接故意   间接故意   权益保护   contract fraud   direct intention   indirect intention   Protection of rights and interests  

摘要： 从理论界对合同诈骗罪犯罪故意的形式是否包括间接故意的争论分析，只能得出本罪犯罪故意是直接故意的结论；从刑法理论应适应经济发展的需要分析，应将间接故意也作为本罪犯罪故意的一种形式。

关键词： allozyme   gene flow   genetic marking   hatchery   introgression   pink salmon   salmonid   straying  

摘要： In 1979 and 1981, a genetic marker was bred into one of the five identifiable subpopulations of pink salmon [Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)] in the Auke Lake drainage in Southeast Alaska. As a result of the marking effort, the frequencies of two malate dehydrogenase (MDH-B1, 2*) alleles were changed in the marked subpopulation, but not in other subpopulations that spawn at different times or places. Between 1983 and 1989, the marker allele frequencies were monitored in many of these subpopulations and in early- and late-run pink salmon spawning in nearby Waydelich Creek, located approximately 1 km away. Changes in allele frequencies at MDH-B1, 2*, used to obtain direct estimates of average migration rates (m) from the marked to the unmarked subpopulations, revealed little or no introgression into early subpopulations or into nearby Waydelich Creek. Moreover, spatially distinct late-run Auke Creek subpopulations were not immediately overrun by the more abundant marked subpopulation. These observations suggest that genetic isolation exists between temporally distinct spawning runs and that small temporal and spatial (or ecological) differences contribute to population structure. These observations should be considered in taking actions that affect conservation and harvest management or extensive culture of salmonids.

关键词： 合同法   形式理性   法的价值   缔约过失  

摘要： 本文主要内容除了前言和结语外，分为四章。 前言中提出了本文所要解决的问题，结语中对这些问题进行了概括性的回答。 第一章，法的形式理性的界定。本章从历史与哲学的角度出发，指出了以往学者们对法的形式理性在理解上的片面性，并提出了本文对法的形式理性的观点：法的形式理性是指为了确保法律价值的实现与法律秩序性功能的发挥，通过多种手段而达到的法律在法权形式、概念和逻辑结构上的一种状态，它是法律品质的判断标准之一。 第二章，合同法发展过程中的形式理性。合同法的发展过程中始终体现着形式理性的要求。合同法的价值目标与其形式理性始终存在互动关系，合同法对形式理性的追求始终以实现法的价值为目标。现代合同法在价值上发生了转化，因而，在追求现代合同法的形式理性时应采用不同于古典合同法的途径与手段。本部分提出了现代合同法在追求形式理性时不同于古典合同法的几个内在品质。 第三章，缔约过失制度的形式理性化。本章是用缔约过失制度对第二章的观点进行的一个实例说明。缔约过失制度是以关系契约理论为基础的现代合同法制度的一部分，应该以现代合同法的内在品质为指导追求形式理性。缔约过失的概念、理论基础、法律调整方式、规范层次、责任承担方式、裁判规则等都应当符合现代合同法对形式理性的要求。 第四章，对我国合同法形式理性建设的思考。在我国合同法中，古典合同法发挥作用的领域内形式理性化的工作还没有完成，又面临着山古典合同法向现代合同法转变的巨大压力。这需要我们不断的努力，以使我国合同法具备形式理性的要求。

关键词： 平等协商集体合同制度   集体合同   通城县  

摘要： 1998年以前,通城县建立平等协商集体合同制度的单位仅8个,占当时应建制单位的9%;到2000年底达到52个,占应建制单位的36.9%。建制工作进展缓慢。为加快建制步伐,通城县总工会一班人深入调查,摸清了原因:企业行政害怕签订集体合同后兑不了现,不愿签订;一些工会干部认为决定权在企业行政,自己无能为力,难签订;一些职工法制观念淡薄,关心自己下不下岗,工资能不能到位,不热心签订;社会对集体合同制度不了解,误认为集体合同就是劳动合同。认识不到位是影响推行平等协商集体合同制度的首要问题。针对这些问题,通城县总工会及时调整工作思路,把推行平等协商集体合同制度放在重要位置,运用正反例证,加大宣传力度,起到了很好的效果。正,就是在

关键词： magnetic resonance spectroscopy   radiation   glutathione   lactate   lipid catabolites  

摘要： Cultured HeLa cells were irradiated with a single acute dose of either gamma rays (40 Gy) or low-energy proton beams (20 Gy). H-1 magnetic resonance spectra of intact cells harvested at different times after irradiation and of the correspondent perchloric acid (PCA) extracts prepared at different times after irradiation were run. Selected signals from glutathione and lactate were examined with the aim of investigating effects of irradiation on antioxidative stores and on mitochondrial activity. An increase of signal intensity of glutathione (GSH) takes place at 15 and 24 hr after irradiation, while a decrease of its signal intensity, accompanied by an increase of that of free glutamate, starts appearing 48 hr after irradiation. Lactate signal increases 48 hr after irradiation. Signals from lipid catabolites were also examined to explore their sensitivity in predicting the response to radiotherapy. Intensity ratios of signals of glycerophosphorylcholine and choline to that of phosphorylcholine increase with time after irradiation. Irradiating cells with gamma rays or proton beams at half a dose produces effects comparable to the metabolic variations presented here. The present experiments allow more insight into the complex pattern of the changes of GSH by irradiation and indicate that magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals from GSH, glutamate, lactate, and lipid catabolites are affected by irradiation. Finally, these data represent a first indication that the relative biological efficiency for some metabolic damage of low-energy proton beams with respect to gamma rays can reach a value of 2. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

关键词： multinomial distribution   sample composition   Video Plankton Recorder  

摘要： When a sample of individual organisms is classified taxonomically with the possibility of classification error, the taxonomic counts of the classified individuals are biased estimates of the true counts in the sample. This note describes a simple method for correcting for this bias based on the classification probabilities of the classifier. The method is illustrated using some data from the Video Plankton Recorder.

关键词： 合同形式   合理性   完备性   格式合同  

摘要： 《民法通则》关于合同形式的规定是符合“契约自由”原则的先进的立法观念的 ,但《经济合同法》却采取了与之相对应的要式主义的合同形式规则。现代合同法兼顾交易安全与交易便捷两项价值 ,合理地确定不要式主义与要式例外的合同形式规则。我国统一合同法反映了现代合同法的立法观念 ,对合同形式进行了完善和丰富。

关键词： 质量检验员   产品检验   工作经验   全面质量管理  

摘要： 质量检验员在质量管理中如何发挥更大的作用，本文的作者根据多年来的工作实践，提出了主动与生产人员进行交流；制定质量计划防止无标生产，做好首件检验和巡检等质量检验员的工作要点。