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关键词： 医院感染   临床细菌学检验   感染检测   医疗消费   医务工作者   住院病人   人民币   发生率   患者  

摘要： 医院感染日益成为一个严峻的问题摆在广大医务工作者面前。目前我国每年大约有5000万住院病人，其中约有500万患者出现医院感染，每年造成的额外的医疗消费约100亿人民币。据报道：在美国医院感染的发生率在5％-10％，每年造成的额外的医疗消费约为175-350亿美元。除了经济上的损失以外，更严重的是给患者带来巨大的危害。

关键词： 财政政策   经济周期   传导机制  

摘要： 财政政策一直是我国宏观经济调控的主要方式,并在需求管理中发挥了重要作用。本文定量描述和检验了我国财政政策工具与经济周期波动之间的相依性,在结构VAR模型中刻画了财政政策的作用和反馈过程,并发现我国财政政策操作的相机选择性依赖经济周期的阶段性。在目前我国进入新经济周期的态势下,应当及时调整财政政策的期限结构和政策工具,加强财政政策与货币政策的政策组合作用,以保持经济快速稳定增长。

关键词： Advertising   Cognitive Processes   Learning   Memory   Experimental Design and Analysis (ANOVA)  

摘要： Recall of print material benefits from spacing repetitions of that material, an effect often attributed to varied encodings induced by changes in contextual cues. We examined an alternative explanation: retrieving earlier presentations during later presentations strengthens memory traces, the more so the greater the difficulty of such retrieval. In four experiments we found that (a) study-phase retrieval contributes to the benefits of spacing and (b) inducing variation via changes in ad formatting and content can be counterproductive at long spacing intervals, apparently because such changes decrease the likelihood that earlier presentations will be retrieved during later presentations.

关键词： Groups   Anxiety   Surgical aspects   controlled study  

摘要： Pre-operative anxiety is common and often significant. Ambulatory surgery challenges our pre-operative goal of an anxiety-free patient by requiring people to be 'street ready' within a brief period of time after surgery. Recently, it has been demonstrated that music can be used successfully to relieve patient anxiety before operations, and that audio embedded with tones that create binaural beats within the brain of the listener decreases subjective levels of anxiety in patients with chronic anxiety states. We measured anxiety with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire and compared binaural beat audio (Binaural Group) with an identical soundtrack but without these added tones (Audio Group) and with a third group who received no specific intervention (No Intervention Group). Mean [95% confidence intervals] decreases in anxiety scores were 26.3%[19-33%] in the Binaural Group (p = 0.001 vs. Audio Group, p < 0.0001 vs. No Intervention Group), 11.1%[6-16%] in the Audio Group (p = 0.15 vs. No Intervention Group) and 3.8%[0-7%] in the No Intervention Group. Binaural beat audio has the potential to decrease acute pre-operative anxiety significantly.

关键词： drug intelligence   heroin profiling   neural networks   principal component analysis  

摘要： Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were utilised to validate illicit drug classification in the profiling method used at "Institut de Police Scientifique" of the University of Lausanne (IPS). This method established links between samples using a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and calculation of a correlation value between samples. Heroin seizures sent to the IPS laboratory were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) to separate the major alkaloids present in illicit heroin. Statistical analysis was then performed on 3371 samples. Initially, PCA was performed as a preliminary screen to identify samples of a similar chemical profile. A correlation value was then calculated for each sample previously identified with PCA. This correlation value was used to determine links between drug samples. These links were then recorded in an Ibase (R) database. From this database the notion of "chemical class" arises, where samples with similar chemical profiles are grouped together. Currently, about 20 "chemical classes" have been identified. The normalised peak areas of six target compounds were then used to train an ANN to classify each sample into its appropriate class. Four hundred and sixty-eight samples were used as a training data set. Sixty samples were treated as blinds and 370 as non-linked samples. The results show that in 96 % of cases the neural network attributed the seizure to the right "chemical class". The application of a neural network was found to be a useful tool to validate the classification of new drug seizures in existing chemical classes. This tool should be increasingly used in such situations involving profile comparisons and classifications. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 合同形式   合同效力   法定形式   完善  

摘要： 合同形式即合同意思表示的载体,合同法适应市场经济便捷和安全的需要,在合同形式方面做出了许多新规定,但由于对法定形式的性质和法律效力缺乏明确具体的规定,引起民法理论界诸多不同理解,如有效要件说,执行证据说,成立要件说等等。本文从对两大法系合同法定形式的效力的对比分析中,说明我国立法的缺陷,并提出相应完善的建议。

关键词： 电子合同   书面合同   合同形式   功能等同法  

摘要： 合同形式直接影响了合同的效力和证据地位。关于电子合同形式及其法律地位的界定有不同观点,其中功能等同法是目前国际上立法实践中流行的做法,但国内学界对此法认识存在误区。此法并未直接确定电子合同等同于书面合同。电子合同不能等同于书面合同一般并不影响其有效性,但影响其证据地位。

关键词： 劳动合同   订立形式   法律效力   劳动关系  

摘要： 劳动合同是整个劳动关系的基础,因此,研究劳动合同应当以何种形式订立十分必要。我国劳动法第十九条关于“劳动合同应当以书面形式订立”的规定有许多不足,因此,立法应当明确要求劳动合同采用书面形式,但允许在特殊情况下采用非书面形式的劳动合同,以切实保护作为弱势群体一方的劳动者的合法权益。

关键词： 物业管理   工程管理   酬金制   合同   形式  

摘要： 对当前物业管理中存在的一些问题,许多业内人士将其归咎于物业管理合同的计价方式,提出用“酬金制”取代“包干制”的想法。事实上,“酬金制”与“包干制”各有其适用范围,“酬金制”五种类型合同各有其特点。

关键词： 南京出入境检验检疫局   国际卫生机场   技术支撑   世界卫生组织   卫生主管部门   中国大陆   考核验收   国际机场   对外开放  

摘要： 2005年4月3日,中国大地上又新增了一座国际卫生机场,南京禄口国际机场(以下简称禄口机场)通过了世界卫生组织的考核验收,荣获"国际卫生机场"称号,成为中国大陆40多个对外开放机场中5个国际卫生机场之一.创建国际卫生机场(以下简称创建)是一项参与单位多、技术含量高、工作难度大的系统工程.在3年的艰苦创建过程中,南京出入境检验检疫局(以下简称南京局)作为南京空港口岸的卫生主管部门,充分发挥技术支撑作用,与机场公司、驻场单位通力合作,确保了创建工作圆满成功.