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关键词： 包装技术   茄子   整理   分类   竞争力  

摘要： 为了解决在茄子产出旺季价格低下，时常出现增产不增收、高产滞销的现象，提高茄子在市场上的竞争力，在卖茄子难的问题上有一定的突破，特进行了茄子分级整理、分类包装技术的研究。

关键词： 科室文化   管理  

摘要： 医院要发展壮大和长盛不衰,离不开各科室的发展壮大。面对国企改革、医院转制和医疗体制改革以及竞争激烈的医疗市场,检验科为探求如何做到面对改革人心不乱,团结一致队伍不散,坚持发展目标不变,根据检验科专业特点、工作性质和今后发展,结合本地区和医院的实际情况,在不断完善科室规章制度和操作规程,严抓检验质量的同时,创建科室文化,并且加强科室文化建设和不断完善科室文化,使科室管理规范化、制度化、人性化和目标化。

关键词： alcohol dependence   type I-Type II   subtype  

摘要： Objective: The Type A-Type B multidimensional classification model has been useful for identifying a subgroup of alcohol dependent drinkers with more severe psychosocial problems and a poor prognosis. Evidence suggests its dimensions may be useful for identifying problem drinkers in the general population at risk for developing alcohol dependence. To date, the model has not yet been investigated for this purpose. The present study investigated the Type A/Type B distinction in a community sample of problem drinkers as well as its predictive validity among problem drinkers with no history of alcohol dependence. Method: Households from a geographically delimited area in the United States were designated via random digit dialing and randomly designated members were screened for eligibility. A total of 876 participants met eligibility criteria and completed a structured interview (AUDADIS) on alcohol and other health related behaviors at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. A k-means cluster analysis was performed to identify subgroups of problem drinkers. Results: A two-cluster solution adequately fit the data and identified two main subgroups of problem drinkers consistent with a Type A-Type B distinction. The group differences held among those with and without a history of alcohol dependence and the subset of Type B drinkers with no history of alcohol dependence were approximately five times (beta=1.56, p <= 0.01) more likely to have an initial onset of dependence than Type A drinkers at 1-year follow-tip. In contrast, a DSM-IV alcohol abuse diagnosis at baseline did not predict 1-year onset of dependence. Conclusions: The Type A-Type B model is useful for identifying untreated problem drinkers at risk for developing alcohol dependence. This model may facilitate the development of more targeted prevention efforts. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cross-validation   Error rates   Gene selection   Selection bias   Support vector machine  

摘要： Currently there is much interest in using microarray gene-expression data to form prediction rules for the diagnosis of patient outcomes. A process of gene selection is usually carried out first to find those genes that are most useful according to some criterion for distinguishing between the given classes of tissue samples. However, there is a bias (selection bias) introduced in the estimate of the final version of a prediction rule that has been formed from a smaller subset of the genes that have been selected according to some optimality criterion. In this paper, we focus on the bias that arises when a full data set is not available in the first instance and the prediction rule is formed subsequently by working with the top-ranked genes from the full set. We demonstrate how large the subset of top genes must be before this selection bias is not of practical consequence. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： microbial consortia   biofilms   dielectrophoresis   biodegradation   metabolic exchange  

摘要： The construction of artificial biofilms with defined internal architectures is described. Bacterial cells are suspended in a low conductivity medium, guided to specific areas in a ,microelectrode array by dielectrophoresis (DEP), and then immobilised using the flocculating agent poly(ethylenimine). Multispecies biofilms can be constructed by introducing different species at different times. The rapid construction of such biofilms with defined internal architectures provides, when combined with visual reporters of gene activity, a powerful new method for the investigation of the effects of the spatial organisation on interactions between bacterial species in biofilms. To demonstrate the utility of the technique as a method for investigating metabolic interactions in biofilms, aggregates were constructed from Acinetobacter sp. C6 and Pseudomonas putida::gfp. The Acinetobacter degrades benzyl alcohol, overproducing benzoate, which in turn is consumed by the Pseudomonas strain. The P. putida has a chromosomally expressed cassette encoding a gfp downstream of the promoter which controls degradation of benzoate, making the interaction between the two strains in the metabolism of benzyl alcohol visible by the production of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Microscopic observation of the biofilms, including the use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), confirmed that metabolic exchange occurred. In addition, it was observed that the bacteria appear to have a preferred biofilm architecture, with P putida in the bottom layer, and Acinetobacter at the top. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 合同   形式   效力性形式   保护性形式  

摘要： 迄今为止合同形式经历了从效力性形式到保护性形式的演变,对这个过程的发掘有助于我们进一步了解形式对于合同的意义。我们现在所适用的形式大都是保护性形式,当我们讨论到形式时,往往会产生缺乏具体内容的感觉,然而,形式的意义决不会像现代法律所呈现出来的那么简单。围绕保护性形式不仅可以构建一整套详细而系统的规则,这些规则对合同的效力也可产生决定性的影响,而且,如果我们不断追溯形式的历史,审视形式长期以来与合同的纠缠,我们可以更深刻地体会合同内涵的演变。正是基于以上原因,本论文围绕形式展开了以下两大内容的研究:形式从效力性形式到保护性形式的演变史;与保护性形式有关的系统规则。这两方面内容的结合将有助于我们建立一个完整的形式观。 本论文具体章节的结构安排如下: 本论文导论部分最重要的任务是明确形式的概念,表明我们必须明确一般形式与特定形式的区分,而我们理论上探讨的形式主要是特定形式。此外,本部分也综述了大陆地区现在形式研究的不足及本文的意义、研究内容和研究方法。 第一章讨论效力性形式。效力性形式体现了早期法律的重要特征,它又可分为外在形式与内在形式。外在形式为行为的表现方式,它们在早期具有仪式化的特征,并以其在行为中的显要地位完成对形式特征的塑造。内在形式为行为的类型化,它们体现了早期的合同类型法定的思想。外在形式和内在形式是早期合同约束力来源的基本依据,它们共同体现了当时法律的简单性、灵活性和强制性。 第二章为讨论从效力性形式到保护性形式的演变。这种演变的关键是意思在行为中重要性的兴起,而意思得以兴起的因素包括近代的自由思潮、宗教观念的影响、商业发展和商人实践。合同法统一的基础开始建立,效力性形式失去了作为合同约束力来源的地位,开始作为实现立法者价值的工具在合同中发挥作用。为了说明形式地位的这种转变,本章举了赠与的例子。 第三章为保护性形式的一般性介绍。包括的内容有形式的类型、形式的目的、形式的设置、形式的效力范围。形式的类型包括以实体法上结果为标准区分的类型和以表现形式为标准区分的类型。形式的目的为形式得以获得合理性的原因,但这些目的并不具有多大理论上的意义,而应按保护一般利益、保护当事人利益、保护一方利益、保护第三人利益的分类区分形式的目的。形式的设置通过介绍各国需要形式的合同,总结出需要形式合同的一般特征,并指出立法者规定形式时还要考虑到各种具体情况。形式的效力范围探讨合同作为一个综合有机体,一般包括哪些部分需要形式;在合同变更或撤销时,是否仍要形式;英美法上的口头证据规则的实质是形式可以决定哪些合同内容,因此也是合同效力的一部分。 第四章讨论不遵守形式。合同不遵守形式时往往导致合同无效,但有时无效会产生不公平的结果,因此有必要对无效的效果进行限制。这种限制包括两种方式,一是立法直接规定某些合同在履行之后可以例外的有效,但这不能成为一个普遍适用的原则;二是根据诚实信用的基本原则,按不遵守形式的具体情形,针对不同情况对无效的效果进行限制。本章也同时讨论不遵守意定形式的后果及其特殊性。 结论为我们需要一种怎样的形式观(Formverst?ndnis)——对我国《合同法》的反思。以我国合同法为例,总结我国合同法有关形式规定的不足之处及改正建议。这些不足之处及改正建议包括三点,一为应将形式为成立要件的性质该为生效要件;二为履行治愈形式欠缺规则不应普遍适用;三为应将法定形式与意定形式分开规定。

关键词： FDI   产业集群   治理模式   模块化网络   社会关系网络  

摘要： 在产业集群形成和发展的过程中,其内部网络的治理模式不断演进。产业集群是基于价值链的企业集合。从全球价值链角度研究产业集群的发展是区域协作和全球产业分工的必然结果。在全球范围内考察产业集群的演变过程,需要考察产业集群嵌入的全球价值链的网络治理模式。中国FDI作用下的产业集群内部网络的主导治理形式正由强关系网络向模块化网络转变,而该产业集群所嵌入的全球价值链的网络治理模式也呈现模块化网络。 模块化生产网络是重大的产业组织创新。产业结构的变化伴随着生产活动空间上的整合。随着世界经济一体化的水平不断提高,支配型关系网络和独立型产业区在地理上和空间上都变得越来越孤立。模块化生产网络是一个相对开放的体系。随着信息技术的广泛运用和知识的编码化程度不断提高,以及生产的国际化,以模块化网络为基础的产业集群能在更大规模的全球生产网络中扮演重要角色。 经济行为是嵌入于社会结构之中的,核心的社会结构就是社会关系网络。产业集群所嵌入的社会关系网络对产业集群的网络治理模式的演变起着重大影响。本文以关系契约理论为基础,构建了以一个跨国公司为核心的强关系网络的模型,说明制度环境的变化对该关系网络契约结构的影响。在改革开放初期,跨国公司往往选择和网络成员建立表现为关系契约的紧密联系。而随着产业集群内社会资本的积累,合作秩序的扩张,跨国公司合作范围的扩展和信息技术的运用,强关系网络中的关系的强度就会弱化,跨国公司的合作范围就会超出原有的强关系网络,进而构建模块化网络。 FDI集聚有两种方式:群体迁入型和嫁接型。东莞和苏州IT产业集群、东莞家具产业集群表现为外资企业群居链的复制;而嘉善家具产业集群则属于后者,表现为原有价值链的延长。群居链复制形成的产业集群位于全球价值链的劳动密集型环节,在当地的根植性较低。目前东莞IT产业集群出现迁移的态势。而苏州IT产业集群则由于其雄厚的人力资本和优越的投资环境,向着价值链的高端转移。某些外资企业逐步实现高中层管理人员的本土化。本地企业也成长起来,加入到外资企业的协力网络中。因此苏州IT产业集群中的外企具有较高的根植性。 IT产业集群所嵌入的全球价值链的网络治理结构为模块化网络。在全球价

关键词： Feedback (Response)   Student Teachers   Practicums   Foreign Countries   Tutors   Power Structure   English (Second Language)   Second Language Instruction   Language Teachers   Recall (Psychology)   Interviews   Case Studies   Communication Problems  

摘要： This study examines the post-observation interactions between six English as a Second Language (ESL) student teachers and their university tutors during their teaching practicum in Hong Kong. Data consist of interviews with university tutors, transcriptions of recorded conferences and stimulated recall interviews with student teachers. Case studies of two student teachers are used to examine the impact of the tutors' feedback and to highlight the way that the student teachers' response is affected by the power relations involved in the dialogue. The article also considers some areas in which miscommunication occurred between tutors and student teachers and discusses possible reasons for this.

关键词： 买卖合同   当事人   广达   企业   经济合同   企业管理   合同成立   推定形式   合同形式   交易安全   慎用  

摘要： 速度、效益与安全是衡量企业经营管理水平的三项重要指标,其中安全性是企业运营的基本出发点,决定着企业发展的速度与效益,而企业的合同行为是企业安全的一个重要方面。企业在签订合同时不应仅着眼于经济目标,要时刻注意合同行为的安全性。大量事实表明,许多企业因为对合同订立（共3页)

关键词： FOSSIL RECORD   LARGE-SCALE   EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS   ARAGONITE DISSOLUTION   MISSING MOLLUSKS   ALPHA-DIVERSITY   COMMUNITIES   EVENNESS   DIVERSIFICATION   BIODIVERSITY  

摘要： Biological veracity of the sharp diversity increase observed in many analyses of the post-Paleozoic marine fossil record has been debated vigorously in recent years. To assess this question for sample-level ("alpha") diversity, we used bulk samples of shelly invertebrates, representing three major fossil groups (brachiopods, bivalves, and gastropods), to compare the Jurassic and late Cenozoic sample-level diversity of marine benthos. After restricting the data set to single-bed, whole-fauna, bulk samples (n >= 30 specimens) from comparable open marine siliciclastic facies, we were able to retain 427 samples (255 Jurassic and 172 late Cenozoic), with most of those samples originating from our own empirical work. Regardless of the diversity metric applied, the initial results suggest that standardized sample-level species (or genus) diversity, driven by evenness and/or richness of the most common taxa, increased between the Jurassic and late Cenozoic by at least a factor of 1.6. When the data are partitioned into the three dominant higher taxa, it becomes clear that (1) the bivalves, which dominated the samples for both time intervals, increased in sample-level diversity between the Jurassic and the late Cenozoic by a much smaller factor than the total fauna;(2) the removal of brachiopods, which were a noticeable component of the Jurassic samples, did not significantly affect standardized sample-level diversity estimates;and (3) the gastropods, which were rare in the Jurassic but common in many late Cenozoic samples, contributed notably to the increase in sample-level diversity observed between the two time intervals. Parallel to these changes, the samples revealed secular trends in ecological structure, including Jurassic to late Cenozoic increases in proportion of (1) infauna, (2) mobile forms, and (3) non-suspension- feeding organisms. These trends mostly persist when data are restricted to bivalves. Supplementary analyses indicate that these patterns cannot be att