教学课程资源库 更多>>

关键词： computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL)   instructional technology   instructors' beliefs   teacher preparation  

摘要： Computer technology has the potential to provide rich resources for language teaching and learning. However, it continues to be underutilized, even though its availability, familiarity, and sophistication are steadily increasing. This case study explored the way in which three language instructors' beliefs about language teaching and learning affected their use of computers in teaching in a postsecondary context. Data consisted of six weeks of observations of classrooms and computer labs and interviews with the three instructors. The findings suggest that the instructors' beliefs about interaction affected their use of computers significantly more than their technological expertise, and imply that for computers to be used more widely, teacher preparation needs to take into consideration instructors' beliefs and approaches to language teaching.

关键词： 合同形式   发展规律   比较法  

摘要： 本文用历史方法和比较法的方法,分析合同形式的发展历程及其背后的原因。揭示出合同形式经历由强制主义——意思主义——有限强制主义的演变过程,以期能给我国相关立法提供借鉴。

关键词： Integrated circuits  

摘要： The aim of the study is to present the Variable Precision Rough Sets (VPRS) methodology to improving the classification accuracy for IC Packaging Product Database. The selection of proper packaging and manufacturing procedures is one of the priorities in IC design operations. Separation of industrial production characteristics require that IC designers have to ask the IC packaging engineers down the supply chain to confirm information regarding related product information, such as IC packaging type, size, functional features and price before they can select IC packaging products and determine IC product design procedures. In response to these product information demands from IC designers, service staffs of IC packaging factories integrate information from various departments to provide feedback to the designers. However, as the related information is very complex and professional, precious time is wasted during their communications, which instigates a failure to meet the demand of quick response. Furthermore, the IC product design and development cost and timing may be affected by lack of information. In an age of IC packaging technological breakthroughs, IC packaging structure and technological capabilities have already become key stages of IC design and manufacturing processes. Hence, it has become a very significant topic of the design industry, to effectively and rapidly, obtain ample product related information of IC packaging to meet their operational demands and enable them to improve operational costs and shorten processes. The present study adopts the VPRS method, an improved rough set theory to be applied to classification accuracy of the IC packaging product database;then compare the highest accuracy values with the values and rules obtained from the Johnson rough algorithm. The experimental results prove that proper β values, based on VPRS, are able to improve IC packaging product classification accuracy to obtain more consistent values and simpler rules

摘要： 一、合同主体审计合同主体的合法性，是确保合同法律效力的前提。为保证采购合同的有效性、合法性，避免因签订无效合同造成企业经济损失，必须对合同主体资格、经营范围、履约能力等进行审计。1.审查签订合同的主体。重点审查供货方是否为依法登记的企业法人，审查供货方提供的营业执照（要求企业提供营业执照副本原件），确认供货方是否为法人企业，避免与不能独立享有经济权利和承担义务的、不具备法定条件的公司职能部门、分公司签订合同。审查企业最近一期在工商部门的年检情况，是否及时年检；企业营业期限是否已经过期或即将到期。2.审查供货方经营范围。重点审查营业执照注明的经营范围是否包括合同标的，是否超出了在工商行政管理部门登记注册的范围。3.审查供货方有无履约能力。审查供货方提供的各种资质文件，关注各种资质的取得日期、到期期限及业务主管部门的年检情况；审查企业的年度财务报告，了解资产结构、生产经营人员状况、生产能力及上一年度生产供应情况、库存状况，判断供货方的履约能力；适当审查企业的资产负债情况，了解企业的偿债能力。4.审查授权委托代理人的代理资格是否合法。审查授权代理书是否经公司法人授权批准，授权书是否签章齐全，提供证明身份的有效证件是否与授权人及被授权人相符。二、合同签订前进行招标比价审计1.注重对价格信息的收集。采购合同审计不仅需要一般的财务会计知识、基本审计取证方法，也要求审计人员掌握采购物资的市场供需变化、价格变动趋势、供应渠道、运输方式等等。审计人员平时应加强这方面的知识积累，做好市场调查，通过亲临市场、电话查询以及网上询价等途径，了解各种物资材料的来源和供销价格，并建立对应的市场信息库。2.充分运用信息化管理手段。企业生产经营所需大宗物资的采购，一般具有重复性，其结果可以为以后的物资采购提供参考。事先将历次采购物资的价格、数量、供应商、合同订单号等情况按物料编码存入计算机系统，审计采购合同时，可及时从计算机中得到该物料以前已采购批次的采购日期、价格、供应商、订单号及审核日期等情况。审计人员可在此基础上，结合市场变化情况，估算现阶段合理的采购价格，并与合同价格进行对比，以保证工作质量，提高审计效率。3.加强对招标过程的审查监督。通常情况下，企业小量、小额采购业务由企业自购，批量、大额采购进行公开招标，审计人员应重点审查招标程序是否合法，操作是否规范；审查招标文件中对投标方主体资格、资质、履约能力的要求，以及采购物资数量、规格、技术要求、付款方式等重要内容。

关键词： 劳动合同形式   书面劳动合同   口头劳动合同   默示劳动合同  

摘要： 本文通过对《劳动法》与《劳动合同法》有关劳动合同形式的规定、各国立法有关劳动合同形式的立法以及我国全日制用工与非全日制用工中的劳动合同形式进行比较。得出了我国应当在保留一般劳动合同要求采用书面形式的情况下,对于特殊情况下的口头或默视劳动合同加以立法上的肯定,只有这样才能真正实现对劳动者权益的有力保护。

关键词： Rheumatoid Arthritis   Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient   Shared Epitope   Rheumatoid Arthritis Severity   Allele Group  

摘要： Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex polygenic disease of unknown etiology. HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the shared epitope (SE) (RAA amino acid pattern in positions 72 to 74 of the third hypervariable region of the DR beta 1 chain) are associated with RA susceptibility. A new classification of HLA-DRB1 SE alleles has been developed by Tezenas du Montcel and colleagues to refine the association between HLA-DRB1 and RA. In the present study, we used RA samples collected worldwide to investigate the relevance of this new HLA-DRB1 classification in terms of RA susceptibility across various Caucasoid and non-Caucasoid patients. Methods Eighteen subsamples were defined from a total number of 759 cases and 789 controls and grouped in 10 samples on the basis of their ethnic origin. HLA-DRB1 alleles were divided into five groups (S(1), S(2), S(3D), S(3P), and X) according to the new HLA-DRB1 allele classification. The whole analysis was performed by comparing carrier frequencies for the five HLA-DRB1 allele groups between RA patients and controls across the 10 Caucasoid and non-Caucasoid samples. The Mantel-Haenszel method of meta-analysis provided a global odds ratio (OR) estimate with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A positive association with RA susceptibility was found for S(2) allele carriers (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.54 to 3.00;p < 10(-5)) and S(3P) allele carriers (OR 2.74, 95% CI 2.01 to 3.74;p < 10(-5)). A negative association was found for S(1) alleles (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.76;p < 10(-4)) and X alleles (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.84;p = 4 x 10(-3)). No significant association was highlighted for the S(3D) group of alleles (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.14;p = 0.89). The complementary genotype analysis fit with the genotype risk hierarchy previously reported in Caucasoid RA patients. Conclusion So far, the present study is the first attempt to investigate the relevance of this new HLA-DRB1 classification in terms of RA susceptibility on both Caucasoid an

关键词： 瘀血生风   活血熄风法   缺血性中风   作用机理   实验研究  

摘要： 目的:探讨缺血性中风与瘀血的关系以及活血熄风法对缺血性中风大鼠的干预作用和作用机理。 方法:采用光化学法诱导制备缺血性中风大鼠模型,观察具有活血熄风作用的活血熄风方对模型大鼠的拮抗作用以及在不同水平层面上的影响,用评分法观察神经功能情况,TTC染色法测脑梗塞体积,称重法测脑组织水肿,激光多普勒测量仪测局部脑血流,放免法测IL-1β、TNF-α和ET的变化,分光光度法测脑组织中SOD、GSH-PX、ATPase及LDH的活性以及MDA、NO含量,HE染色观察脑组织病理形态学变化,TUNEL法观察神经细胞凋亡情况,免疫组化法测凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3蛋白表达,RT-PCR法测脑组织中Caspase-3mRNA及VEGFmRNA表达。 结果:活血熄风方能明显改善缺血性中风大鼠神经症状,减小脑梗塞范围,减轻脑水肿,增加局部脑血流,降低IL-1β、TNF-α的含量,调节ET/NO比值;增强脑组织中SOD、GSH-PX、Na+-K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase及LDH的活性,降低MDA含量,减少TUNEL阳性细胞数,上调抑凋亡基因Bcl-2蛋白的表达,抑制促凋亡基因Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达及Caspase-3mRNA表达,上调VEGFmRNA的表达。 结论:光化学法诱导的缺血性中风大鼠模型行为学改变以及导致这些行为改变的内在病理变化与瘀血具有相关性,活血熄风法治疗具有明显的脑保护作用,其作用机制可能与增加脑血流量,抑制炎症反应,调节血管舒缩状态,改善能量代谢障碍,抗自由基损伤,调节凋亡相关基因表达,促进血管新生等有关。

摘要： 本文拟应用灰色关联度和序列平稳性、协整及Granger因果关系等计量检验方法，利用我国历年环保产值、国内生产总值的相关数据，实证分析环保产业对国民经济的增长的拉动作用及程度。1 环保产业与国内生产总值灰色关联度分析2006年国家环境保护总局联合国家发展和改革委员会和国家统计局公布了《2004年全国环境保护相关产业状况公报》，以及2007年公布的《2006年中国环境产业发展报告》显示：我国环境保护相关产业总体呈现持续稳定的发展态势，环境保护产品领域稳步发展，环境保护服务业有较大进展，资源综合利用和洁净产品领域快速发展。图1 环保产值趋势图图1显示的是从1988年开始国家陆续公布的环保产业产值的趋势图，可以看出，从2000年以后，中国环保产值有显著的提高。灰色关联理论是邓聚龙教授于1982年首先提出的，它是根据事物或因素的时间序列曲线的相似程度来判断其关联程度的。若两条曲线的形状彼此相似，则关联度大，反之，则关联度较小。根据灰色关联度理论，(1)选取环保产业产值（1988年至2006年）作为参考数列，国内生产总值（1988年至2006年）的值（按2000年价格进行调整）作在比较数列；(2)n=19，经计算可得，环保产业与国内经济增长灰色关联度为r=0.79337，该值表明环保产业产值与国内生产总值两条曲线的形状相似程度较高，关联度大。2 计量检验实证研究2.1 数据说明本文的检验涉及两个时间序列——国内生产总值、环保产业产值。其中，国内生产总值取1988～2006年，因为数据为当年价格，为了保证检验结果更有效，将其按2000年的价格进行调整；环保产业产值，因为国家环保相关部门不是每年出《全国环境保护相关产业公报》，能查到的相关环保产业数据仅仅有1988年、1993年、1997年、2000年以及2004年，所以，本文中的其他数据是参照历年《中国统计年鉴》并根据趋势平滑而得，并作相应调整。2.2 单位根检验本文使用的数据是时间序列，故需检验时间序列的稳定型。从上面的图2、3趋势图，我们可以看出国内生产总值和环保产值的时间序列是随时间的变化而变化的。且呈指数增长的趋势，所以，这里将两组序列进行指数变化。

关键词： 中医诊断   疾病   中医临床   四诊法   检验技术  

摘要： The vast majority of commercial transactions are governed by standard form contracts, but little is known about their actual content and the determinants of that content. This article provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of an important class of modern standard form contracts—software license agreements. In a sample of 647 licenses for software from various markets, I document the prevalence of terms relating to license acceptance, license scope, limitations on transfer, warranties, limitations on liability, maintenance and support, and conflict resolution. I find that almost all licenses display a net bias, relative to relevant default rules, in favor of the software company (the contract writer). I also investigate firm- and buyer-type determinants of the net bias. Larger and (controlling for size) younger firms offer more one-sided terms. Firms offer similar terms to both business buyers and members of the general public. In addition to providing new insight about the nature of standard form contracts, the results may inform efforts to draft new default rules to govern software transactions.