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关键词： CONTRACTS   ARBITRATION & award   INTERNATIONAL commercial arbitration   ENGINEERING design   INDUSTRIALIZED building   CONSULTING engineers   ENGINEERING law   LAW & legislation  

摘要： The article reports on the intention of the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) to release, in 2008, the first edition of a form contract for projects which are designed, built and operated by the contractor on behalf of the owner for a specified period. The form is said to contain a number of clauses characteristic of FIDIC contracts, including some involving a Dispute Adjudication Board and the ICC Rules of Arbitration. A draft version was published at FIDIC's 2007 Singapore Conference, and circulated for comment.

关键词： crime evidence   glass   refractive index   forensic discrimination   re-annealing   normal distribution   classification  

摘要： Tiny glass fragments of two typical objects being of interest in forensic investigations: car windscreen and windowpane were examined from the point of view of their importance as crime evidence. Both examined objects were made from float glass and were toughened. The present paper concerns examination of refractive index distribution across the objects under investigation before and after the glass fragments were annealed according to previously chosen procedure. The annealing procedure was carried out in order to increase discrimination power of refractive index (RI). The following conclusions can be drawn from the results obtained. For both examined objects the mean RI was significantly higher after annealing and, at the same time, standard deviations in RI were smaller. The distributions of RI for both examined objects appeared not to be normal;the deviations from normality were observed at both sides of RI distributions. It was found that the difference in the values Delta RI (difference between mean values of RI after annealing and before annealing) for both examined object was not significant and thus it would be not a good parameter to differentiate between two heat strengthen objects. The attempt to classify 181 glass samples on the basis of theirs RI and Delta RI was performed. Increased discrimination of glass samples was observed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： self-organizing map   Kohonen algorithm   neural network   foodborne pathogens   contamination   metal oxide sensors  

摘要： A rapid method for identification of foodborne pathogens contamination in packaged fresh vegetable using electronic sensor array and Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm was developed. Escherichia coli was used as the target microorganism because its presence in foods indicates fecal contamination, and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. E. coli was grown in the packaged fresh vegetable. The electronic sensors was used to monitor changes in the composition of the package headspace gas phase relating to the biochemical products of E. coli volatile metabolites. SOM algorithm was then used to classify the data output from the electronic sensor array. The SOM algorithm created a map from a high dimensional input vector space onto a two-dimensional output lattice. When integrated with SOM algorithm, the electronic sensors proved to have the ability to classify the packaged fresh vegetable potentially contaminated with pathogens. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 刑事侦查   足迹检验理论   司法认定   同一过程  

摘要： 检验在词典中的释义为检查并验证，鉴定的释义则为鉴别审定事物的真伪、优劣。检验与鉴定是否是同一过程，或者谁包含谁，在这一问题上存在多种观点。有学者认为，检验与鉴定可以同一而论不加区分;有的学者却认为，检验与鉴定是包含与被包含的关系，但究竟是谁包含谁，要视具体情况而定:在某些情况下，检验包含鉴定，在另一些情况下，鉴定又包含检验。笔者认为，检验侧重于对足迹特征的认识过程，而鉴定则侧重于将结果体现在纸面上，即鉴定书的出具。对于足迹而言，无论检验或是鉴定指的都是对足迹进行分析的过程，不必严格区分二者。在本文中，笔者出于防止用词冗余、保证行文语言流畅的考虑，选择“检验”一词，但实际上包含了检验和鉴定两层含义。\n 足迹是刑事案件现场中常见的痕迹之一。足迹检验结论是分析现场、进行现场重建和认定犯罪嫌疑人的主要依据。指纹因其准确的人身同一认定作用，曾被誉为证据之王。但随着科技发展社会进步，犯罪分子的反侦查意识也在不断提高，在作案时戴上手套的现象越来越普遍。在难以取得指纹的案件中，足迹的作用显得尤为重要。某些案件中，即使刑事侦查人员能够提取到清晰、具备鉴定条件的指纹，但由于嫌疑人并无前科，排查范围过大等原因，案件的侦破工作同样需要足迹的检验结论作为指导。\n 在几千年前，识别足迹曾是人类祖先赖以生存的技能。随着司法实践中有了现场勘查和缉捕罪犯的要求，执法人员便把民间的足迹识别方法运用到了侦查实践之中。我国的足迹检验技术在80年代和90年代得到了较大的发展，足迹检验技术从步法检验、形象检验，发展到鞋底磨损检验、足迹动力形态检验、足迹定量化检验等。特别是近几年，足迹检验中各学派、各门类的各种检验技术内容丰富，方法多样，正在逐步形成具有中国特色的足迹学体系，在侦查破案中发挥了重要作用。\n 足迹是指人在站立行走的过程中，赤足或所穿鞋、袜与承受客体相接触形成的踩踏痕迹，具有静态特征和动态特征。根据造型体不同，足迹可以分为穿鞋足迹、穿袜足迹和赤足足迹;根据承痕体不同，足迹可以分为平面足迹和立体足迹。\n 足迹检验理论基础是同一认定理论。同一认定是指依据客体特征来判断先后两次或多次出现的客体是否为同一个客体的认识活动。由于每个人先天骨骼结构不同，再加上后天的生长环境、心理素质等因素造就了人各不同的步态特征，长期的模仿、练习形成了稳定的行走动力定型。在人行走时，这种特定性必然会在足迹中有所反映。特定性、相对稳定性和反映性构成利用足迹进行同一认定的三个条件。\n 根据承痕体、形成足迹介质等因素的不同，足迹的提取方法有拍照法、静电吸附法、石膏灌模法和实物提取法。无论以哪种方法提取，在改变足迹原始状态之前，都要以拍照法进行固定。静电吸附法经常应用于遗留在光滑表面的平面足迹，石膏灌模法一般应用于形成在松软承痕体上的立体足迹。实物提取法能够很好保留足迹的原始状态，但是由于足迹的遗留客体特殊，在实际操作中不太常用。\n 足迹的检验分为预备检验、分别检验、比较检验、综合评断、得出结论四个步骤。刑事技术人员往往要在现场对嫌疑人足迹进行初步的检验，确定嫌疑足迹的种类、大小、形状从而判断出嫌疑人的身高、性别、体态、年龄等人身特征。在综合评断阶段，应该充分考虑到心理状态、承痕体、造痕体、行走速度、负重等因素对于特征符合点和特征差异点的影响。对于能够认定嫌疑人的足迹，由公安机关出具足迹鉴定书。\n 对于足迹的两大特征——形象特征和步法特征的检验，成为侦查破案的重要依据。本文的第六章通过曾在北京甚至全国产生过重大影响的“石景山八女被杀案”、“白宝山抢劫哨兵枪支杀人抢劫系列案”、“内蒙古四蒙古公民被杀案”、“911朝阳柳芳南里两口被杀案”、“石景山区铸造村特大入室杀人案”等重、特大案件以及笔者亲身参与的“朝阳区凯泰大厦吸毒人员意外坠楼事件”、“中裕大厦一女坠楼事件”、“海淀区五道口外籍人士死亡事件”、“顺义区卖淫女被杀案”等典型案件入手，从五个方面论证了足迹检验在侦查破案中的作用:\n 一、根据足迹的检验结论确定案件性质\n “朝阳区凯泰大厦吸毒人员意外坠楼事件”中，刑事技术人员通过对死者遗留在空调室外机台面上的一枚赤足迹的检验，认定该事件为死者为逃避检查，意图从窗口逃走时发生的意外;“海淀区五道口外籍人士死亡事件”中，刑事技术人员通过地面遗留足迹种类分析，结合死者上吊相关动作，确定这是一起上吊自杀事件。\n 二、根据足迹的检验结论判断作案人数\n 在“石景山八女被杀案”中，作案人数成为案件的焦点。从常规来看，现场的两种足迹、八位死者身上的两种锐器伤都支持该案犯罪嫌疑人应该不止一人。刑事技术人员从现场两种足迹遗留位置及其与手套印的关系推断出，两种足迹为同一人所遗留。凶手只有一人这一结论大大缩小了排查范围，准确的锁定了嫌疑

关键词： 合同形式   口头证据规则   法律制度   举证责任  

摘要： 本文首先讨论了合同的涵义和形式。在英美法系中，对于契约的定义强调契约构成的动态行为和后果。大陆法系国家对于契约的立法例有两种:一种是将其归于法律行为之中进行调整，不单独对其定义，以德国法为代表;还有一种是在民法典中对契约概念进行定义，以明确其调整范围，以意大利法、法国法为代表。在我国，合同是平等主体的自然人、法人或其它组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务的协议。\n 合同作为双方当事人合意的表示，需要通过一定的外部形式表现出来。书面形式是最重要的要式合同形式。本文认为书面形式的合同具有很多口头形式合同所不具有的优点。\n 在第2章中，本文对英美合同法的口头证据和相关证据规则展开了研究。首先介绍了口头证据制度的起源并界定了其概念。口头证据规则是合同法领域中为了维护书面契约证明力，防止欺诈而建立的一项制度。该规则最早源于中世纪末期，当时的传统是在双方的书面契约上封印盖章，以确定契约的真实性。该规则通常是为了防止合同一方或双方随意引入合同之外的外部证据。\n 随后，本章第二节以美国法为重点，描述了口头证据规则的运行情况。主要是从案例和成文法规定方面研究了口头证据规则在美国的现状。其中，美国统一商法典和美国合同法重述对多种合同要求采用书面形式，否则不具有可诉性或强制执行力。当然口头证据规则亦有例外，本文认为共有三种例外:附带事项的例外、合同不符合被告意愿或损害合同成立的例外、解释的例外。\n 在英美法中，一般认为口头证据规则是一种实体法规则，而非证据法规则。英美法系独特的诉讼制度是口头证据规则生长的土壤。口头证据规则是实体规则，但是其在程序法上具有比较重要的意义。口头证据规则的意义在于通过排斥外部证据来维护完整合同的证据能力，保障当事人的利益。也有学者认为为普通法证据规则提供强有力理论根据的制度环境已变质、衰退，同时受国际条约的影响，因此证据规则面临被弱化的趋势。\n 本章最后研究了英美证据法中与口头证据规则适用相关的“关联性”原则和“禁反言”规则。本文认为，关联性原则对口头证据的影响在于扩展了口头证据规则的例外情况;禁反言存在的意义和口头证据规则一样都是为了保护交易的安全，均有保护受诺人合理信赖的作用。\n 在第3章中，本文研究了大陆法的合同形式和合同证明。早期罗马法对契约行为规定有繁琐的套语（口约）和行为程式。依照意大利民法典的规定，其对于合同的书面形式有较高的要求，甚至规定超过2.5欧元的合同常态下就要采取书面形式。随后，本章第二节讨论了法国民法的书证优位制度。该制度以第1341条规定为核心:一是超过法律规定数额或价值的物品应当预先制作证据，二是禁止以证人证言和推定来证明和补充书证内容。民法典规定了三种书证优先的例外。第一种情况规定在1341条的第二款，该款对商事领域做了保留。其他两种情况规定在1347条和1348条，这两条对存在不完整的书证和不可能满足制作书证的情况进行规定。本文还探讨了民事诉讼实务对于书证优先原则的具体适用。\n 接着，本章讨论了德国民法典的相关规定。德国民法典规定，一些合同必须采取法律规定的形式。民法典中还在128条和129条规定了“公证认证”和“公证证书的做成”两种公证方式。德国法对于违反法律规定形式的后果极为严厉。不使用法律行为所定的形式，有疑义时，同样导致无效。\n 通过比较研究，本文发现，与英美法类似，主要的几个现代大陆法国家——意大利、法国、德国在民法典中对于合同的形式都做出了一些强制性规定。并且对于合同形式在证据法上的意义都所规定。\n 在本文最后一章，研究了我国合同形式在证据法上的意义。本章首先研究了书证的一般理论。大陆法系各国或地区将书证作为一种证据方法，在立法中对书证的分类及其相应的证明力均有较详细的规定;在理论上认为书证是以其记载的内容和表达的思想来证明案件事实的文书或物件。而在英美法中，书证的内容极为宽泛。书证在证据法上的意义是:1、书证在民事诉讼中，能起到直接的、显著的证明功能;2、书证能反映案件的部分或全部情况;3、书证具有客观性;4、书证是鉴别其他证据是否真实、可靠的重要依据;5、书证中的公文书，尤其具有较强的证明力。书证在举证责任上也具有重要意义。罗马法中规定了“肯定者承担证明，否定者不承担证明”。在民事诉讼领域，涉及请求、抗辩和否认。如果采用口头形式的合同，那么请求权人必然要承担较重的证明责任负担。\n 接着，本章研究了我国法律对于合同形式的规定，可以看到实体法——《合同法》中缺乏证据规则方面的规定，关于合同形式的法条之间也存在内在的紧张关系。尽管在证据法中没有规定普通书证具有比证人证言更高的证明力，但由于书证本身所具有的特点，以及我国司法实务中的证人制度存在很大缺陷，所以，在实务中，相较于言词证据，法官更愿意采纳书

关键词： 特征集   SAMPLEMIS   数据分类  

摘要： 本文分析了基于贝叶斯数据分类方法而实现的样品管理分类系统SAMPLEMIS,详细的介绍了冶金行业样品特征集的形成和信息提取,并用二次特征选择方法进行分类,提高了分类的准确率。

关键词： 书面形式   保证合同   口头承诺   担保   生意   还款   借条   起诉  

摘要： 问：2006年初，我朋友王某因做生意需要向我借了10万元，并出具借条一张。考虑到他做生意可能亏损，我要求他提供担保。当时王某的姐夫愿意为王某担保，并向我口头承诺若王某不能偿还。他将替王某归还借款。现因王某经营不善而不能还款。请问：我可否直接起诉王某的姐夫．要求其承担保证还款的责任？

关键词： recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator   NXY-059   rtPA   thrombolysis   Chandler loop  

摘要： Background and purpose: Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only globally approved treatment for acute ischaemic stroke. Other potential treatments might be administered with rtPA, making it important to discover whether compounds interfere with rtPA-induced lysis. We evaluated methods for examining the effect of the neuroprotectant NXY-059 on the lytic property of rtPA. Experimental approach: Plasma clot formation and lysis in the presence of rtPA and NXY-059 was measured as the change in plasma turbidity. The effect of NXY-059 on rtPA-induced lysis was similarly assessed on preformed clots. Lysis of the thrombus formed in a Chandler loop measured release of fluorescent-tagged fibrinogen that had been incorporated during thrombus formation. Thrombi were exposed to both rtPA and NXY-059 throughout lysis in the presence of 80% autologous plasma and the release of label during lysis was measured. Key results: Data interpretation is limited in the clot lysis experiments because either the rtPA was present during clot formation or the drug was added to a clot formed in static conditions. In contrast, thrombi were formed in dynamic flow conditions in the Chandler loop and the time course of lysis in plasma was examined. rtPA increased thrombolysis and the antifibrinolytic trans-4-(aminomethyl) cyclohexane carboxylic acid (AMCA) inhibited lysis. Lysis induced by rtPA was unaltered by NXY-059. Conclusions and implications: The Chandler loop method provides a reliable technique for examining the effect of compounds on rtPA-induced lysis in vitro and demonstrated that NXY-059 does not alter rtPA-induced lysis at clinically relevant concentrations of either drug.

关键词： ANOVA   interaction   non-parametric   permutation   randomization   transformation  

摘要： Interaction terms from statistical tests are often used to make inferences about biological processes. For interaction terms to be biologically meaningful, it is critical that the statistical method used tests a model that corresponds to a realistic null hypothesis. A commonly used data analysis method, the analysis of variance F-test (ANOVA), is limited when examining interactions because there are a limited number of statistical models that it can test. This is further complicated by the fact that data transformations, which affect the model being tested, are sometimes required to meet ANOVA's assumptions. Thus, when using ANOVA, it can be difficult to determine whether interactions that are found in data were produced by biological mechanisms or are statistical artifacts due to an unrealistic model. A survey of the literature indicated that these shortcomings are often not recognized despite ANOVA's widespread use. In this paper, we evaluate the suitability of an alternate method, permutation tests, compared to ANOVA. We compare the range of potential statistical models that each method can test and the power of each method to detect interactions when using an appropriate model. We provide two simulated experiments on species interactions that show that ANOVA and permutation tests have similar power when testing an appropriate statistical model, but that permutation tests provide an advantage over ANOVA in their ability to test a wider range of models. We conclude that permutation tests can be used to make inferences, potentially impossible with ANOVA, concerning biological interactions. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

关键词： honey   Uruguay   principal component analysis   linear discriminant analysis   pollen analysis  

摘要： This study reports the combination of multivariate techniques and pollen count analysis to classify honey samples according to botanical sources, in samples from Uruguay. Honey samples from different botanical origins, namely Eucalyptus spp. (n = 10), Lotus spp. (n = 12), Salix spp. (n = 5), "mil flores" (Myrtaceae spp.) (n = 12) and coronilla (Scutia buxifolia Reissek) (n = 10) were analysed using Melissopalynology (pollen identification). Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to classify the honey samples accordingly to their botanical origin based on a pollen count. Honey samples of higher percentage (> 70%) of Eucalyptus, Lotus and Scutia pollen were 100% correctly classified, whilst samples from Myrtaceae spp. and Salix were 80 and 66% correctly classified, respectively. The use of PCA and LDA combined with pollen identification proved useful in characterizing honey samples from different botanical origins.