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关键词： 卫生检测   样品   统计分析   检验报告  

摘要： 目的了解杭州市疾病预防控制中心2006年检测的各类样品件数,各检验类别报告数及各检验科室的样品项次。方法使用"检测与校准实验室资源管理系统"软件,结合Excel对数据进行汇总、分析。结果2006年度合同评审样品总数为28360件,其中食品化妆品、环境卫生、疾控类、公共场所、医院消毒监测、食物中毒及其他样品分别占5.8%、1.4%、8.3%、52.4%、16.0%、3.9%、10.9%、1.4%。检验报告共有5903份,其中监督检验报告占14.5%;鉴定检验报告占11.1%;定期监测报告占5.7%:委托检验报告占68.7%。样品项次共计59829项次,其中微生物检验科占26.5%,理化检验科占34.6%,环境卫生检测所占22.4%,消毒媒介防治所占13.9%,艾滋病性病防治所占2.0%,地方病防治所占0.6%。结论人们对环境卫生方面的检测需求较大,疾病监测仍旧是检验工作的主要内容。中心实验室的主要服务对象为委托检验客户。理化检验科、微生物检验科、环境与职业卫生监测所样品项次都比较多,其次是消毒生物媒介防制所,艾滋病性病防治所和地方病寄生虫病防治所样品项次相对较少。

关键词： 合同   法律   企业  

摘要： 企业开展营销活动离不开合同。为使合同受到法律的保护,企业要对合同的知识深刻认识,对合同的发展有所了解。文章以理论知识与实践结合的形式受法律保护为主题,重点论述了法律保护与合同形式的关系,透析了口头形式与法律保护的利弊,解析了书面形式与法律保护的实例。

关键词： 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》   《合同法》   合同形式  

摘要： 为了研究中国对《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》"合同形式"的保留,应用比较分析法、历史分析法对该公约与中国《合同法》的相关内容进行了比较,认为中国《合同法》实施后,该公约与《合同法》关于合同形式的规定大致相同,保留反而造成了适用法律的冲突;撤回保留的积极意义大于撤回保留所带来的消极影响,且撤回又无任何法律障碍,我国政府应撤回保留。

关键词： multidose repackaging   long-term care   medication errors   administration of drugs   quality of care  

摘要： Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify and classify errors associated with the repackaging of residents' medications in long-term care facilities in Germany. Methods: This was a prospective 8-week study conducted in 3 long-term care facilities. Pill organizers, each of which contained all repackaged solid oral dosage forms of long-term medications for a particular resident for an entire day, were inspected and checked against residents' medication sheets by the investigator-pharmacist. On agreement between the pharmacist and the registered nurse responsible for residents' medications, all errors were repackaged medications. Secondary measures were the proportion of all pill organizers with medication with medication errors and the proportion of residents who would have been affected by these errors. Errors were categorized by type as follows: wrong time of administration, wrong dose, wrong medication, omission of a medication, extra dose, incorrect halving of tablets, and damaged medication. Results: One hundred ninety-six residents were included in the study, representing 8798 daily pill organizers and 48,512 inspected medications. Residents received a mean of 5.4 solid oral dosage forms of long-term medications per day. Six hundred forty-five errors were detected, for an error rate of 1.3%;the errors involved 7.3% of daily pill organizers and 53.0% of residents. The largest proportion of errors involved incorrect halving of tablets (49.1%), followed by omission of a medication (22.0%), extra dose (9.8%), wrong time of administration (8.4%), damaged medication (6.4%), wrong dose (4.2%), and wrong medication (0.2%). These results may underestimate true rates of repackaging errors across long-term care facilities in Germany, as the conditions in the 3 facilities in this study were near-optimal in terms of the environment, process, and quality of repackaging. Conclusions: Among 48,512 medications inspected over 8 weeks in 3 German long-term care facilities,

关键词： drug-dsDNA interaction   volume phase transition gel   voltammetry  

摘要： A piece of dry N-isopropylacrylamide polymer was soaked in phosphate buffer to obtain a hydrogel which was then employed in the examination of interactions between an anticancer drug C-1311 (5-diethylaminoethyl-amino-8-hydroxyimidazoacridinone) and dsDNA. dsDNA was introduced into the polymer at the polymerization stage. The drug was added to the buffer. Using the volume phase transition of the gel at 40 degrees C, the unbound drug could be determined in the solution released during the transition, which made the calculations more reliable. The interaction parameters were calculated using the McGhee and von Hippel model. It appeared that in the gel medium, the interaction between the drug and dsDNA is spatially limited, since the number of binding units of the polymer chain occupied by one drug molecule was found to be one, while it was two in the regular buffer solution.

关键词： density functional calculations   catalysis   surface chemical reactions   gold   ceria   CO   CO2  

摘要： We perform DFT calculations to investigate the redox and formate mechanisms of water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction on Au/CeO2 catalysts. In the redox mechanism, we analyze all the key elementary steps and find that the OH cleavage is the key step. Three possible pathways of OH cleavage are calculated: (1) OHad '' + *'--> H-ad' + O-ad";(2) H-ad' + OHad '' --> H-2(g) + O-ad '' + *';and (3) OHad" + OHad '' --> 2O(ad '') + H-2(g) (*': the free adsorption sites on the oxides;ad': adsorption on the metal;ad": adsorption on the oxide, respectively). In the formate mechanism, we identify all the possible pathways for the formation and decomposition of surface formates in the WGS reaction. It is found that there is a shortcoming in the redox and formate mechanisms which is related to surface oxygen reproduction. Four possible pathways for producing surface oxygen are studied, and all the barriers of the four pathways are more than 1 eV. Our results suggest that the processes to reproduce surface oxygen in the reaction circle are not kinetically easy. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 自然灾害   实验室技术和方法  

摘要： “5.12”四川汶川大地震,牵动着全中国人的心,在党中央、国务院和中央军委的号召下,全国上下紧急动员开展了汶川地震灾害救援工作。十万解放军指战员从祖国四面八方奔赴灾区执行抗震救灾任务,临床检验中心在医院党委部署下,积极做好赴灾区前线和接收伤病员的检验准备工作。6月1日根据汶川抗震救灾指挥部准备在汶川重灾区组建野战医院,[第一段]

关键词： Colorado potato beetle   herbivore   infestation   plant-insect interaction   potato  

摘要： Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is a devastating herbivorous pest of solanaceous plants. Despite the economic impact, little is known about the molecular interaction of CPB with these plants. Using an 11 421 expressed sequence tag (EST) potato microarray, we identified 320 genes differentially expressed in potato leaves in response to CPB herbivory. Amongst these were genes putatively encoding proteinase inhibitors along with enzymes of terpenoid, alkaloid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways, suggesting the defensive chemistries that constitute potato's defense against CPB herbivory. Several genes, such as those encoding proteinase inhibitors, represent mechanisms implicated in other plant-herbivory interactions, and could correspond with general defensive chemistry strategies. In other cases, products of the differentially expressed genes may represent taxa-specific defensive chemistry. For example, the presumed alkaloid products of a putative tropinone reductase I are specific to a subset of the Solanaceae. Two herbivory-induced genes, not specific to potato, are implicated in the synthesis of volatiles known to attract CPB predators. Comparison of continuous herbivore attack versus recovery from CPB attack indicates that fewer genes involved in defensive chemistry are induced after continuous feeding than after feeding and recovery, suggesting the plant's ability to mount a full defense response is enhanced under light versus heavy attack.

关键词： II CELLS   MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES   CATION CHANNELS   NITRIC-OXIDE   SUPEROXIDE   EXPRESSION   CLEARANCE   TRANSPORT  

摘要： The alveolar surface of the lung is lined by alveolar type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) cells. Using single channel patch clamp analysis in lung slice preparations, we are able to uniquely study AT1 and AT2 cells separately from intact lung. We report for the first time the Na+ transport properties of type 2 cells accessed in live lung tissue (as we have done in type 1 cells). Type 2 cells in lung tissue slices express both highly selective cation and nonselective cation channels with average conductances of 8.8 +/- 3.2 and 22.5 +/- 6.3 picosiemens, respectively. Anion channels with 10-picosiemen conductance are also present in the apical membrane of type 2 cells. Our lung slice studies importantly verify the use of cultured cell model systems commonly used in lung epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) studies. Furthermore, we identify novel functional differences between the cells that make up the alveolar epithelium. One important difference is that exposure to the nitric oxide (NO) donor, PAPA-NONOate (1.5 mu M), significantly decreases average ENaC NPo in type 2 cells (from 1.38 +/- 0.26 to 0.82 +/- 0.16;p < 0.05 and n = 18) but failed to alter ENaC activity in alveolar type 1 cells. Elevating endogenous superoxide (O-2(radical anion)) levels with Ethiolat, a superoxide dismutase inhibitor, prevented NO inhibition of ENaC activity in type 2 cells, supporting the novel hypothesis that O-2(radical anion) and NO signaling plays an important role in maintaining lung fluid balance.

关键词： 临床疾病   检验指标   健康状态   意外伤害   急性病   慢性病   亚健康  

摘要： 人们从健康状态到患病状态是一个连续的渐进过程。除意外伤害和急性病外，绝大多数疾病，尤其是慢性病，都要经过健康状态→亚健康→亚临床疾病→临床疾病的不同阶段。