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关键词： 食品   微生物   检验  

摘要： 微生物的分布很广泛,虽然它们对人类的生产生活有一定的积极作用,但它们也常常使工业器材受到腐蚀,使食品及原料腐败和变质,甚至以食物作媒介引起人体中毒、染病、致癌和死亡。本文在此就食品微生物的检验意义及作用进行了分析。

关键词： 检验前   条码   质量控制   质量管理  

关键词： 标准化   检验检疫   模式创新  

摘要： 标准化工作是检验检疫工作的重要组成部分和综合性基础工作,检验检疫模式创新是质检持续发展的基石和动力,对于检验检疫部门来说,面对大幅提升的工作量,如何通过充分发挥标准化对检验检疫模式创新的作用,既实现有效检验监管和又能不断提升服务水平,实现标准化与检验检疫模式创新的统一,进而达到维护国家经济安全、确保进出口产品质量安全,保障检验检疫工作需要的目的。本文认为,标准化是检验检疫模式创新的技术基础平台,标准化对检验检疫模式创新既有积极的引导作用,同样模式创新对标准化又有反作用,正确认识标准化对检验检疫模式创新的作用,尤其应该引起检验检疫工者的重视。

关键词： 违约责任   侵权责任   竞合   处理模式  

摘要： 违约责任与侵权责任是两类最基本的民事责任,关于两种责任竞合的处理问题,是我国法学界和司法实务部门长期困惑的一个重要课题。《合同法》第122条关于违约责任与侵权责任竞合的规定是我国立法上的一个突破,但如何正确地理解和适用该条规定,并对其进行完善,仍面临着一系列挑战。 本文本着丰富责任竞合理论内涵、解决司法实践难题、最大限度实现立法价值——保护受害人的利益为目的,以比较法学的视角对违约责任与侵权责任竞合的处理模式进行审视。在辨别各种学说和各国司法实践的基础上,笔者认为应坚持允许竞合的处理模式,同时指出其理论基础不应是请求权竞合说,而应当建立在请求权规范竞合说之上。 在承认责任竞合的同时,笔者认为,必须对责任竞合的条件在法律上加以明确,并对受害人的选择权进行必要的限制。具体来说,为充分、有效地保护当事人的合法权益,有必要在合同法第122条的基础上进行补充规定或进行专门立法,允许当事人就在选择一种责任规范时,可同时援引另一责任规范对其权利予以救济,即有条件地使违约诉讼和侵权诉讼共生共存。比如,当受害人受到严重人身损害时,受害人即便选择了合同之诉,其精神利益损害仍应当被救济。 本文在结构上分为五个部分：一是引论,说明笔者对违约责任与侵权责任竞合处理模式进行比较研究的初衷和目的;二是对违约责任与侵权责任竞合的内涵进行清晰的界定,并对其产生缘由和现状进行详细考察;三是通过对域外各种典型学说的比较及实践中处理模式的考察,明确该问题的实质,并从中提炼出可资借鉴之处;四是分析我国《合同法》第122条关于责任竞合的规定,并参照比较法上的考量,指出立法中尚待完善的问题及解决途径;最后是结论。

关键词： Linear Discriminant Analysis   Estrogen Receptor Status   Independent Validation   Quadratic Discriminant Analysis   Diagonal Linear Discriminant Analysis  

摘要： Introduction: As part of the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC)-II project, this analysis examines how the choice of univariate feature-selection methods and classification algorithms may influence the performance of genomic predictors under varying degrees of prediction difficulty represented by three clinically relevant endpoints. Methods: We used gene-expression data from 230 breast cancers (grouped into training and independent validation sets), and we examined 40 predictors (five univariate feature-selection methods combined with eight different classifiers) for each of the three endpoints. Their classification performance was estimated on the training set by using two different resampling methods and compared with the accuracy observed in the independent validation set. Results: A ranking of the three classification problems was obtained, and the performance of 120 models was estimated and assessed on an independent validation set. The bootstrapping estimates were closer to the validation performance than were the cross-validation estimates. The required sample size for each endpoint was estimated, and both gene-level and pathway-level analyses were performed on the obtained models. Conclusions: We showed that genomic predictor accuracy is determined largely by an interplay between sample size and classification difficulty. Variations on univariate feature-selection methods and choice of classification algorithm have only a modest impact on predictor performance, and several statistically equally good predictors can be developed for any given classification problem.

关键词： 在线交易   传统合同   数据电文  

摘要： 本文主要是对C2C在线交易合同形式问题的研究.在第一部分中阐述了从国际法到国内法对电子合同形式加以确认的根据和方式,确认了电子合同形式的法律承认.第二部分论述了数据电文作为证据的形式与可采集性,认为有必要对传统的诉讼法的证据制度进行修改或扩充.

关键词： barley shochu   discriminant analysis   gas chromatography-mass spectrometry   solid-phase microextraction   submerged culture  

摘要： An easy and fast method of analyzing volatile components contained in shochu, by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was established to determine the difference in the content of the various components of barley shochu produced using a submerged culture of koji mold (submerged-culture shochu) and a solid-state culture of koji mold (solid-culture shochu). The contents of the volatile components between the two types of shochu were compared. The results of the comparison revealed that the content of ethyl lactate, ethyl benzoate, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, diethyl succinate, citronellol, and 2-phenethyl acetate differed between the submerged-culture and the solid-culture shochu samples. In addition, the classification of barley shochu samples, including those on the market, into submerged-culture shochu and solid-culture shochu, was carried out by multivariate analysis using the quantitative values of the above-mentioned six compounds, and distinct discrimination was found possible.

关键词： Feature Selection   Majority Vote   Gene Selection   Microarray Dataset   Gene Subset  

摘要： Background: Feature selection techniques are critical to the analysis of high dimensional datasets. This is especially true in gene selection from microarray data which are commonly with extremely high feature-to-sample ratio. In addition to the essential objectives such as to reduce data noise, to reduce data redundancy, to improve sample classification accuracy, and to improve model generalization property, feature selection also helps biologists to focus on the selected genes to further validate their biological hypotheses. Results: In this paper we describe an improved hybrid system for gene selection. It is based on a recently proposed genetic ensemble (GE) system. To enhance the generalization property of the selected genes or gene subsets and to overcome the overfitting problem of the GE system, we devised a mapping strategy to fuse the goodness information of each gene provided by multiple filtering algorithms. This information is then used for initialization and mutation operation of the genetic ensemble system. Conclusion: We used four benchmark microarray datasets (including both binary-class and multi-class classification problems) for concept proving and model evaluation. The experimental results indicate that the proposed multi-filter enhanced genetic ensemble (MF-GE) system is able to improve sample classification accuracy, generate more compact gene subset, and converge to the selection results more quickly. The MF-GE system is very flexible as various combinations of multiple filters and classifiers can be incorporated based on the data characteristics and the user preferences.

关键词： Rule   Estimators   Genomics   proteomics   bootstrapping   bagging   Classifiers  

摘要： Application of ensemble classification rules in genomics and proteomics has become increasingly common. However, the problem of error estimation for these classification rules, particularly for bagging under the small-sample settings prevalent in genomics and proteomics, is not well understood. Breiman proposed the "out-of-bag" method for estimating statistics of bagged classifiers, which was subsequently applied by other authors to estimate the classification error. In this paper, we give an explicit definition of the out-of-bag estimator that is intended to remove estimator bias, by formulating carefully how the error count is normalized. We also report the results of an extensive simulation study of bagging of common classification rules, including LDA, 3NN, and CART, applied on both synthetic and real patient data, corresponding to the use of common error estimators such as resubstitution, leave-one-out, cross-validation, basic bootstrap, bootstrap 632, bootstrap 632 plus, bolstering, semi-bolstering, in addition to the out-of-bag estimator. The results from the numerical experiments indicated that the performance of the out-of-bag estimator is very similar to that of leave-one-out;in particular, the out-of-bag estimator is slightly pessimistically biased. The performance of the other estimators is consistent with their performance with the corresponding single classifiers, as reported in other studies.