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关键词： prompt engineering   prompt design   prompt learning   prompt tuning   large language models   LLMs   scoping review   clinical natural language processing   natural language processing   NLP   medical texts   medical application   medical applications   clinical practice   privacy   medicine   computer science   medical informatics  

摘要： Background: Prompt engineering, focusing on crafting effective prompts to large language models (LLMs), has garnered attention for its capabilities at harnessing the potential of LLMs. This is even more crucial in the medical domain due to its specialized terminology and language technicity. Clinical natural language processing applications must navigate complex language and ensure privacy compliance. Prompt engineering offers a novel approach by designing tailored prompts to guide models in exploiting clinically relevant information from complex medical texts. Despite its promise, the efficacy of prompt engineering in the medical domain remains to be fully explored. Objective: The aim of the study is to review research efforts and technical approaches in prompt engineering for medical applications as well as provide an overview of opportunities and challenges for clinical practice. Methods: Databases indexing the fields of medicine, computer science, and medical informatics were queried in order to identify relevant published papers. Since prompt engineering is an emerging field, preprint databases were also considered. Multiple data were extracted, such as the prompt paradigm, the involved LLMs, the languages of the study, the domain of the topic, the baselines, and several learning, design, and architecture strategies specific to prompt engineering. We include studies that apply prompt engineering-based methods to the medical domain, published between 2022 and 2024, and covering multiple prompt paradigms such as prompt learning (PL), prompt tuning (PT), and prompt design (PD). Results: We included 114 recent prompt engineering studies. Among the 3 prompt paradigms, we have observed that PD is the most prevalent (78 papers). In 12 papers, PD, PL, and PT terms were used interchangeably. While ChatGPT is the most commonly used LLM, we have identified 7 studies using this LLM on a sensitive clinical data set. Chain-of-thought, present in 17 studies, emerges as the mo

关键词： Machine learning   Computer science   Business   Communication   Education  

关键词： Technology   Computer science   Climate sciences   Engineering  

摘要： In the hills of eastern Tennessee, a record-breaking machine called Frontier is providing scientists with unprecedented opportunities to study everything from atoms to galaxies.

摘要： Breast cancer is the leading cause of death and also one of the most invasive types of cancer among women worldwide. This cancer occurs when cells in the breast begin to grow uncontrollably or spread throughout the body. Treatment efforts in the form of early diagnosis are the only salvation to reduce deaths from breast cancer. An expert system that is able to accurately classify breast cancer is an important task in medical diagnosis. Approaches using computing with various approaches and algorithms with different research results have been widely used. The purpose of this study is to review several studies that have been carried out using instruments in the form of aspects and categories to conduct analysis. This study is to see the extent to which the use of computer technology is used to diagnose breast cancer

关键词： Materials science   Engineering   Computer science  

摘要： Carbon-capture technology often founders at the point when basic research is translated into practical applications. A computational modelling platform called PrISMa solves this problem by considering the needs of all stakeholders.

关键词： 应用型大学   计算机学科   物联网   课程改革   校企融合  

摘要： 地方应用型高校专业和课程建设存在缺资金、缺教师、缺项目等困难,成为制约地方性高校专业建设高质量发展的瓶颈问题。在信息化和智能化浪潮中,应用型大学计算机专业如何保持专业定力,打造课程特色,提升学生就业和创业能力,成为课程改革的重点和难点。文章以洛阳理工学院物联网工程专业的《建材行业物联网应用软件开发》课程为例,探讨了应用型大学计算机课程改革的必要性、具体实施路径以及取得的成效。通过引入校企融合行业工程师进课堂、取消纸质考试改为第三方认证、强化实践教学与企业需求相统一等措施,课程既提高了趣味性和互动性,也提升了学生的实践能力和就业竞争力。文章旨在为其他应用型大学计算机专业课程改革提供参考与借鉴。There are difficulties such as lack of funds, teachers and projects in the specialties and courses construction of application-oriented colleges, which have become the bottleneck problems restricting high-quality development. In the era of informationization, how to create course characteristics, and enhance students’ employment and entrepreneurial ability has become the difficulty of curriculum reform. This paper takes the course “IoT Application Development in Building Materials Industry” of the Internet of Things engineering major of Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology as an example, and discusses the necessity, concrete implementation path and achievements of the computer course reform in application-oriented universities. By introducing industry engineers from enterprises into the classroom, canceling paper-based exams and replacing them with third-party certification, and strengthening the alignment of practical teaching with enterprise needs, the course has improved its interest and interaction, and enhanced the practical ability and employment competitiveness of students.

摘要： In this special session, the knowledge model and competency framework of CS2023 will be presented. The steps for using them to design computer science courses and curricula will be discussed.