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关键词： Applied sciences   Artificial intelligence   Computer science  

摘要： Most of the existing image encryption algorithms encrypt images as meaningless cryptographic images, which can easily attract the attention of attackers during transmission. To address this problem, scholars have proposed to hide the cipher image in a meaningless carrier image. However, larger carrier images are often required, which occupy more bandwidth. In order to solve this problem, this paper realizes embedding the color secret image into the carrier image whose size is equal to or even smaller than the original image by combining the chaotic compressed sensing model. First of all, the original image is sparsely processed using discrete wavelet transform. Then the time varying delay chaotic model is used to generate pseudo random sequence and then the measurement matrix is constructed to compress and encrypt the image. In the end, using singular value decomposition to achieve image embedding, the carrier image carrying information is obtained.

关键词： health sciences   natural sciences   immunity   computer science  

摘要： System-level patient health signals, as captured by treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), might contain correlates of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy response. Using all TEAEs and a novel machine learning modeling approach, we derived a composite signature predictive of, and potentially specific to, the response to the anti-PD-L1 ICI durvalumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We trained on data from the durvalumab arm and chemotherapy arm in the MYSTIC clinical trial and tested on data from four independent durvalumab-containing NSCLC trials using only the first 60 days' TEAEs. We directly compared our signature performance against that of three different definitions of immune-related adverse events. Only our signature was predictive and identified longer survivors in patients treated with durvalumab but not in patients treated with chemotherapy or placebo. It also identified durvalumab-treated long survivors with stable disease at their first RECIST evaluation and a set of PD-L1-negative long survivors.

关键词： Capital punishment   Jesus   Mark  

摘要： This article examines the reference to capital punishment in Mark 7.10. We ask if it was more likely to have been intended and received in a literal or a hyperbolic sense within the first century.1 We conclude that a literal sense is more probable.

关键词： Natural sciences   Applied sciences   Computer science  

摘要： This article proposes a new digital watermarking mechanism based on the Ethereum blockchain, Smart Contract, and Interplanetary File System (IPFS), with an enhanced Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform (FWHT) algorithm for watermark embedding and extraction. The proposed scheme aims to address the limitations of existing digital watermarking techniques, such as dependence on third-party platforms, by leveraging the decentralization feature of blockchain. The Smart Contract is used to manage the transaction between the parties involved in the watermarking process, while IPFS is used to store the watermark data. The enhanced FWHT algorithm is used to embed the watermark into the host image without affecting its visual quality. The results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of both imperceptibility and robustness. Additionally, it demonstrates that our scheme can effectively resist various attacks. Therefore, our scheme can be a promising solution for image copyright protection, authentication applications, and image trading.

关键词： Computer science   Machine learning   Technology  

摘要： Artificial-intelligence models are typically used online, but a host of openly available tools is changing that. Here’s how to get started with local AIs.

关键词： Contrastive Learning  

摘要： As the demand for computer science (CS) skills grows, mastering foundational concepts is crucial yet challenging for novice learners. To address this challenge, we present KoroT-3E, an AI-based system that creates personalized musical mnemonics to enhance both memory retention and understanding of concepts in CS. KoroT-3E enables users to transform complex concepts into memorable lyrics and compose melodies that suit their musical preferences. We conducted semi-structured interviews (n=12) to investigate why novice learners find it challenging to memorize and understand CS concepts. The findings, combined with constructivist learning theory, established our initial design, which was then refined following consultations with CS education experts. An empirical experiment(n=36) showed that those using KoroT-3E (n=18) significantly outperformed the control group (n=18), with improved memory efficiency, increased motivation, and a positive learning experience. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating multimodal generative AI into CS education to create personalized and interactive learning experiences. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Psychology   Computer science  

摘要： Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable abilities recently, including passing advanced professional exams and demanding benchmark tests. This performance has led many to suggest that they are close to achieving humanlike or "true" understanding of language, and even artificial general intelligence (AGI). Here, we provide a new open-source benchmark, the Two Word Test (TWT), that can assess semantic abilities of LLMs using two-word phrases in a task that can be performed relatively easily by humans without advanced training. Combining multiple words into a single concept is a fundamental linguistic and conceptual operation routinely performed by people. The test requires meaningfulness judgments of 1768 noun-noun combinations that have been rated as meaningful (e.g., baby boy) or as having low meaningfulness (e.g., goat sky) by human raters. This novel test differs from existing benchmarks that rely on logical reasoning, inference, puzzle-solving, or domain expertise. We provide versions of the task that probe meaningfulness ratings on a 0-4 scale as well as binary judgments. With both versions, we conducted a series of experiments using the TWT on GPT-4, GPT-3.5, Claude-3-Optus, and Gemini-1-Pro-001. Results demonstrated that, compared to humans, all models performed relatively poorly at rating meaningfulness of these phrases. GPT-3.5-turbo, Gemini-1.0-Pro-001 and GPT-4-turbo were also unable to make binary discriminations between sensible and nonsense phrases, with these models consistently judging nonsensical phrases as making sense. Claude-3-Opus made a substantial improvement in binary discrimination of combinatorial phrases but was still significantly worse than human performance. The TWT can be used to understand and assess the limitations of current LLMs, and potentially improve them. The test also reminds us that caution is warranted in attributing "true" or human-level understanding to LLMs based only on tests that are challenging for humans.

关键词： in vitro   methods   ruminal fermentation  

摘要： Nutrients derived from ruminal fermentation supply a substantial amount of metabolizable nutrients for ruminants. These include amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins, and fermentation end products, such as ammonia and volatile fatty acids. Furthermore, ruminal fermentation modifies dietary nutrients in such a way that nutrients reaching the small intestine for absorption may substantially differ from those being consumed in the diet. Therefore, understanding ruminal fermentation kinetics and quantification of nutrients flowing out of the rumen is an important aspect of ruminant nutrition. Accurate quantification of these nutrients, using in vivo experiments, is laborious, costly, and invasive, requiring surgical procedures such as ruminal, abomasal, and intestinal cannulas. To decrease the time and cost of experiments as well as the use of animals, in vitro methodologies are important tools in ruminant nutrition. Therefore, the objectives of this presentation are i) describe different in vitro methodologies, ii) discuss the advantages of in vitro methodologies, iii) discuss shortcomings of in vitro methodologies, and iv) describe potential developments that may improve in vitro methodologies. Having been used for decades, in vitro methodologies such as pure, batch, and continuous cultures have been well documented to investigate a wide array of aspects of nutrition, including the effects of different dietary compositions, individual fermentation end products, and impacts on the microbiome. However, both batch and pure cultures can result in a build-up of end products that may inhibit fermentation. Continuous culture, however, allows for the removal of end products but, similar to pure and batch cultures, is applicable only to ruminal fermentation and cannot provide information regarding intestinal digestion. The dual-flow continuous culture system (DFCC), developed in the 1970s and used by various laboratories in the USA and Europe consists of fermentati

关键词： Computer science   computer security \u0026 cryptography  

ISBN: (数字)9781394272303 ISBN: (纸本)9781394272273

摘要： This book containing 33 chapters provides an insightful look at creative approaches toward the accelerated development of computing and multidisciplinary IT solutions for society. Technology is advancing on all fronts and is opening new and innovative adaptations to our modern world every single day causing huge shifts in practices and patterns. These new technologies allow