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关键词： Computer science education   Computational thinking   Elementary education   Integrated computing  

摘要： Objectives. Computer Science (CS) education has become increasingly prevalent in elementary schools because of multiple rationales, such as the importance of computational literacy and the growing demand for CS-related workforce preparation. As elementary CS standards continue to be adopted by many states, more examples and voices from the field may help educators understand what effective computational thinking (CT)/CS integration looks like in practice. Method. We employed a descriptive qualitative approach to study eight award-winning K-8 CS teachers and aimed to answer three research questions: (1) What were elementary CS teachers' rationales for CT/CS integration? (2) How do elementary CS teachers integrate CT/CS into their classroom practices? (3) What are the needs of CS teachers for meaningful CT/CS integration in elementary schools? Data were collected through interviews, a questionnaire, and artifacts and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings. Our findings of elementary CS teachers' rationales for CT/CS integration encompassed its essential nature as a literacy skill, its potential to promote equity in education, and its alignment with standards across various disciplines. To support CT/CS integration at the elementary level, CS teachers described important aspects with examples from their instructional practices: (a) Real-world applications;(b) hands-on activities;(c) strategies to scaffold and guide student learning;(d) collaboration with classroom teachers;and (e) support from professional development (PD). Conclusion. The study results shared CS teachers' voices from practice and shed light on the urgent need for more support and PD opportunities for both homeroom teachers and CS teachers in elementary schools, as well as the crucial need for multiple levels of support within K-12 school systems. Continuous efforts in creating systematic and sustainable PD plans and supporting collaborative professional communities for teachers within the instruct

关键词： Conceptions   Internet   Teachers   Children   Primary   Lower secondary   K-9   Teacher education   Conceptual change  

摘要： Objectives: Limited research exists on how new computer science (CS) teachers understand fundamental Internet principles. This knowledge gap hinders the development of effective upskilling courses, especially as new CS curricula are being introduced worldwide. This study investigates new CS teachers' conceptions of fundamental Internet principles, compares them with children's understanding, and examines the relationship between teachers' Internet knowledge and their knowledge of basic digital trace topics. Study Methods: A convergent mixed-methods approach was used, involving semi-structured interviews and drawing tasks with 50 new CS teachers. Data from a separate sample of 165 children (Grades 4, 6, 8) were included for comparison. A thematic analysis and frequency analysis of interview transcripts were conducted. Findings: Most new CS teachers recognized the Internet as a global network but had varied and often unstable conceptions about data storage and transfer. Compared to children, teachers demonstrated a more advanced understanding but still exhibited substantial knowledge gaps. There was no significant correlation between understanding Internet principles and basic digital trace topics, though a moderate relationship was found regarding news feed personalization. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to improve new CS teachers' understanding of Internet principles, especially the invisible aspects, such as data storage and transfer mechanisms. By providing new data on a rarely studied group, this study contributes to both CS education and broader fields like developmental psychology and conceptual change, offering insights into the developmental trajectories of Internet comprehension and the integration of everyday and scientific knowledge.

关键词： Quantum physics   Computer science   Information technology  

摘要： PsiQuantum has ambitious goals to build a useful quantum machine by late 2027 - and has raised more than US$1 billion to do it.

关键词： Computer science   Information entropy   Prediction   Inverse distance transform   String transformations  

摘要： Data compression algorithms tend to reduce information entropy, which is crucial, especially in the case of images, as they are data intensive. In this regard, lossless image data compression is especially challenging. Many popular lossless compression methods incorporate predictions and various types of pixel transformations, in order to reduce the information entropy of an image. In this paper, a block optimisation programming framework Phi\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Phi$$\end{document} is introduced to support various experiments on raster images, divided into blocks of pixels. Eleven methods were implemented within Phi\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Phi$$\end{document}, including prediction methods, string transformation methods, and inverse distance weighting, as a representative of interpolation methods. Thirty-two different greyscale raster images with varying resolutions and contents were used in the experiments. It was shown that Phi\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Phi$$\end{document} reduces information entropy better than the popular JPEG LS and CALIC predictors. The additional information associated with each block in Phi\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\Phi$$\end{document

摘要： The education system plays a crucial role in providing equal and unrestricted access to education for individuals throughout their lives, considering their interests, abilities, and needs. In today’s society, education is seen as a form of communication that involves a shared objective and guidance from teachers to help learners reach their goals. Cloud technologies are explored in this article as valuable tools in enhancing computer science education, along with examples of contemporary cloud-based services for educational purposes.

摘要： Development and scientific justification of the teaching methodology with the help of "perception map" - innovative pedagogical technology in the teaching of "Informatics" science, formation of skills and qualifications for application in educational practice. The use of "Mind maps" in the teaching of "informatics" serves to increase the interest of students and develop their creative thinking. This system, which has been developed and tested in practice, serves to improve the performance of students in the process of teaching "Informatics". The main proposals and recommendations presented in the thesis are aimed at improving the teaching of "Informatics" in secondary vocational education institutions, increasing the interest of students in the subject and their chosen profession, ultimately increasing the effectiveness of education, deeply contributing to society. Knowledgeable individuals and skilled professionals play an important role in delivery.

关键词： Tuning   Transformers   Vectors   Adaptation models   Transfer learning   Speech processing   Natural language processing   Computer science   Computational modeling   Benchmark testing  

摘要： Conventional fine-tuning encounters increasing difficulties given the size of current Pre-trained Language Models, which makes parameter-efficient tuning become the focal point of frontier research. Recent advances in this field is the unified tuning methods that aim to tune the representations of both multi-head attention (MHA) and fully connected feed-forward network (FFN) simultaneously, but they rely on existing tuning methods and do not explicitly model domain knowledge for downstream tasks. In this work, we propose memory-tuning, a novel unified parameter-efficient tuning method with task-specific knowledge learning, for both MHA and FFN components in Transformer blocks. We also prove that the well-known prefix tuning is also a kind of memory tuning, which further ensures memory tuning is a genuine unified tuning method. Experiments on eight benchmark data sets including both sentence- and token-level tasks demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines even full-tuning in most cases.

关键词： Materials properties  

摘要： Computer simulation has become one of the most important tools in scientific research in many disciplines. Benefiting from the dynamical trajectories regulated by versatile interatomic interactions, various material properties can be quantitatively characterized at the atomic scale. This greatly deepens our understanding of Nature and provides incredible insights supplementing experimental observations. Hitherto, a plethora of literature discusses the computational discoveries in studying glasses in which positional disorder is inherent in their configurations. Motivated by active research and knowledge sharing, we developed a data analysis library in Python for computational materials science research. We hope to help promote scientific progress and narrow some technical gaps for the wide communities. The toolkit mainly focuses on physical analyses of glassy properties from the open-source simulator LAMMPS. Nevertheless, the code design renders high flexibility, with functionalities extendable to other computational tools. The library provides data-driven insights for different subjects and can be incorporated into advanced machine-learning workflows. The scope of the data analysis methodologies applies not only to materials science but also to physics, chemistry, and beyond. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Deterioration  

摘要： The geopolitical tensions between China and the US have dramatically reshaped the American scientific workforce's landscape. To gain a deeper understanding of this circumstance, this study selects the discipline of computer science as a representative case for empirical investigations, aiming to explore the current situation of US-based Chinese-descent computer science professors. One thousand and seventy-eight tenured or tenure-track professors of Chinese descent from the computer science departments of 108 prestigious US universities are profiled, in order to quantify their structure primarily along gender, schooling, and expertise lines. The findings presented in this paper suggest that China-US tensions have made it more difficult for the US higher education system to retain valuable computer science professors of Chinese descent, particularly those in their mid-to late career stages, and that nearly 50% of the existing professors have less than seven years of faculty experience. In addition, the deterioration in faculty retention varies across fields of research, education backgrounds, and gender groups. Specifically, among the professors we are concerned about, those who do not work on AI or Systems, those who lack study experience at US universities, and those who are women, are underrepresented, albeit in different forms and to varying degrees. In a nutshell, the focal professoriate has not only shrunk in size, as has been widely reported, but also lost some of its diversity in structure. This paper has policy implications for the mobility of scientific talent, especially in an era of geopolitical challenges. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Upper-Division Undergraduate   Physical Chemistry   Laboratory Instruction   Inquiry-Based/Discovery Learning   Alcohols   Aldehydes/Ketones   Enzymes   Kinetics   Cultural Relevance  

摘要： This lab updates the study of acetaldehyde oxidation in vitro using the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) by presenting the study in a guided inquiry approach that is culturally relevant. Acetaldehyde is a toxic compound that builds up in the liver following the consumption of alcohol, which must be metabolized. We used a spectrophotometer to follow the kinetics of this reaction, determine how substrate concentrations alter the rate of this enzymatic reaction, and screen potential enzyme inhibitors. Students are guided through questions that explore comparatively uncomplicated kinetic and thermodynamic theory that supports the reaction of enzyme catalysis. This inquiry approach was aided by three-dimensional structural models of the enzyme that were explored within the laboratory sessions, enhancing the arcane lab procedures and developing student skills in experimental design. Students can draw from their everyday life experiences based on their cultural norms and knowledge to choose experimental conditions within a provided list of options, such as the alcohol or the reaction inhibitor selection. This was accompanied by written reports and finalized by oral presentations to the class.