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关键词： Victim impact evidence   capital punishment   ideal victims   sentencing bias  

摘要： Critics have argued that victim impact evidence (VIE) may enhance sentencing biases by encouraging judges and juries to treat some types of victims as worthier than others. Yet, research to date has not utilized trial transcripts to assess differences in the quantity and quality of evidence presented. The current study addresses this gap by utilizing transcripts from Delaware capital sentencing hearings (2001-2011). The results indicated that more VIE witnesses were called and a greater amount of VIE was presented when victims aligned more closely with the cultural stereotype of the 'ideal victim.' 'Ideal victims' were also more likely to be described as having contributed to the community and to be associated with the judge issuing a death sentence. However, VIE itself, what witnesses said about victims and their characters, was not correlated with sentencing outcomes. These findings suggest that victim attributes rather than VIE may be driving sentencing bias.

关键词： IEET工程教育认证   计算机科学与技术专业   课程体系  

摘要： 近些年随着我国经济的不断发展,为职业教育水平的提升创造了良好环境,在实际教学过程中不难看出现有课程体系中存在的问题。在IEET工程教育认证背景下,如何以就业为导向有效提高计算机科学与技术专业学生的综合能力已经成为相关工作者努力思考与探究的问题,现阶段很多职业院校在教学方法与课程体系建设上受传统思想束缚较大,为应对新的发展需求变化必须积极变革,采取有效措施提升学生创新与实践能力,全面提高其核心素养,为行业的发展培养更多高素质人才。文章对IEET工程教育认证背景下计算机科学与技术专业打造课程体系的措施进行探究,希望对相关工作者有所帮助。

关键词： Presidents   Capital punishment   Leadership   Armed forces   Treason   Army   Islam   Death & dying   Justice   Blasting (explosive)   Service contracts   Shame   Death  

摘要： The article offers information on the executive's authority to extend the service contract of existing army chief. It mentions the explosive news of President Pervez Musharraf, sentenced to death as a traitor death for Treason, by an ex-army chief of the Islamic republic of Pakistan and also highlights the economically growing of Pakistan growth.

关键词： growth mindsets   interventions   performance   career interest   computer science  

摘要： We investigated whether a growth mindset intervention could be leveraged to promote performance and interest in computer science, through what mechanisms it might do so, and whether effects were stronger for women than for men. In particular, we explored whether the growth mindset intervention improved academic performance and career interest by increasing intrinsic value. We developed and tested a scalable, online, 4-session growth mindset intervention at 7 universities, across 16 introductory computer science classes (N = 491). The intervention did not have a significant total effect on academic performance, although it indirectly improved grades via value. Additionally, the intervention, relative to the control, improved interest in the field and value also mediated this effect. Counter to expectations, the intervention worked equally well for women and men. Theoretical and practical applications are discussed.

关键词： Computer science   Bibliometrics   Term life cycles   Machine learning   DBLP   MACD  

摘要： Research topics rise and fall in popularity over time, some more swiftly than others. The fastest rising topics are typically called bursts;for example "deep learning", "internet of things" and "big data". Being able to automatically detect and track bursty terms in the literature could give insight into how scientific thought evolves over time. In this paper, we take a trend detection algorithm from stock market analysis and apply it to over 30 years of computer science research abstracts, treating the prevalence of each term in the dataset like the price of a stock. Unlike previous work in this domain, we use the free text of abstracts and titles, resulting in a finer-grained analysis. We report a list of bursty terms, and then use historical data to build a classifier to predict whether they will rise or fall in popularity in the future, obtaining accuracy in the region of 80%. The proposed methodology can be applied to any time-ordered collection of text to yield past and present bursty terms and predict their probable fate.

关键词： Connectivism   Learning   Education   Learning theory   Leadership   Computer science   Human-centered computing   Information systems   Network (computer science)  

摘要： This manuscript provides a literature review of connectivism. It presents evidence and thinking in which connectivism, a new learning theory which has typically been used for online learning, is applied to leadership, with a provocative discussion on the yet unexplored opportunities to use connectivism to redefine leadership in the twenty-first century. The paper aims to bridge the gap between the contributions of digital learning in education and the field of leadership theory and development. It seeks to apply the critical tenants of connectivism in education and learning to leadership theory and to stimulate a debate on new forms of leadership.

关键词： Delays   Wireless sensor networks   Data collection   Trajectory   Informatics   Computer science   Anchor point (AP)   connectivity   data collection   isolated segment   latency   mobile sink   wireless sensor networks (WSNs)  

摘要： Data collection with mobile elements can greatly improve the load balance degree and accordingly prolong the longevity for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this pattern, a mobile sink generally traverses the sensing field periodically and collect data from multiple Anchor Points (APs) which constitute a traveling tour. However, due to long-distance traveling, this easily causes large latency of data delivery. In this paper, we propose a path planning strategy of mobile data collection, called the Dual Approximation of Anchor Points (DAAP), which aims to achieve full connectivity for partitioned WSNs and construct a shorter path. DAAP is novel in two aspects. On the one hand, it is especially designed for disconnected WSNs where sensor nodes are scattered in multiple isolated segments. On the other hand, it has the least calculational complexity compared with other existing works. DAAP is formulated as a location approximation problem and then solved by a greedy location selection mechanism, which follows two corresponding principles. On the one hand, the APs of periphery segments must be as near the network center as possible. On the other hand, the APs of other isolated segments must be as close to the current path as possible. Finally, experimental results confirm that DAAP outperforms existing works in delay-tough applications.

关键词： Copper   Cadmium   Daphnia pulex   Genotypes   Life history   Response surface models  

摘要： A key challenge of standard ecotoxicological risk assessment is to predict the sub-lethal risk of multiple contaminants on aquatic organisms. Our study assessed the sub-lethal mixture toxicity of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) on Daphnia pulex and included manipulations of food level and assessment of three genotypes. We investigated the interaction between essential (Cu) and non-essential (Cd) metals on ingestion rate, reproduction, maturation time, size at maturity and somatic growth rate of three D. pulex genotypes, over 21 days and under standard and high food conditions. We explored the potential interaction of the metals on ingestion and life history by implementing a response surface experimental design combining control and two levels of Cu and Cd and their combinations. Overall, both metals reduced ingestion rates, reduced reproduction, delayed maturation, reduced body size at maturity and lowered somatic growth rate. Our results further indicated pervasive interactions between the metals;numerous instances where the effects of each metal were non-linear;the effect of a metal varied by D. pulex food levels (ingestion rate and size at maturity), and the effect of a metal varied by genotypes (reproduction). Apart from the maturation time and somatic growth rate, our results suggest that life history traits are affected in non-additive ways by three factors that are often discussed and rarely estimated together: mixtures of metals, genotypes and resource levels. Our data that are derived from exposing daphnids to two metals highlight how metals interact with each other and the context of food resource and genetic variation. While interactions make it harder to generate predictions, and ultimately water quality regulations about the effects of metals, those detected in this study appear to be tractable.

ISBN: (纸本)9787111641414