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关键词： Pareto optimization   Convergence   Benchmark testing   Minimization   Evolutionary computation   Computer science   Convergence   decision space diversity   density estimation   evolutionary multimodal multiobjective optimization (EMMO)   test problems  

摘要： There may exist more than one Pareto optimal solution with the same objective vector to a multimodal multiobjective optimization problem (MMOP). The difficulties in finding such solutions can be different. Although a number of evolutionary multimodal multiobjective algorithms (EMMAs) have been proposed, they are unable to solve such an MMOP due to their convergence-first selection criteria. They quickly converge to the Pareto optimal solutions which are easy to find and therefore lose diversity in the decision space. That is, such an MMOP features an imbalance between achieving convergence and preserving diversity in the decision space. In this article, we first present a set of imbalanced distance minimization benchmark problems. Then we propose an evolutionary algorithm using a convergence-penalized density method (CPDEA). In CPDEA, the distances among solutions in the decision space are transformed based on their local convergence quality. Their density values are estimated based on the transformed distances and used as the selection criterion. We compare CPDEA with five state-of-the-art EMMAs on the proposed benchmarks. Our experimental results show that CPDEA is clearly superior in solving these problems.

关键词： Jurisprudence   Criminal sentences   Habeas corpus   Capital punishment   Grants   Hypotheses   Prisoners   Trials   State court decisions   Judges & magistrates   Federal courts   Criminal law  

摘要： Legal commentators have long believed that federal judges treat capital appeals more favorably than noncapital appeals. However, due to the bifurcated nature of capital trials and the complexity of the ensuing appeals, no empirical research to date has proven that the guilt-phase claims of capital defendants are more likely to succeed on federal habeas review than the claims of other defendants. This Note addresses that gap in the literature. The Author analyzed 1,368 votes cast by federal appellate judges between 2013 and 2017 in murder cases heard on habeas review. In each of those cases, the defendant was under a sentence of either death or life in prison. Exploiting this unique dataset, this Note finds that federal appellate judges are significantly more likely to grant guilt-phase relief to capital defendants than they are to similarly situated noncapital defendants. It then rules out alternative explanations for this finding of a "sentencing effect," such as differential attorney investment or dissimilarity between capital and noncapital defendants. After establishing that federal appellate judges do in fact behave differently in capital cases, the Note considers the normative implications of this finding. It ultimately concludes that the behavior of federal judges on habeas review is consistent with a generally shared principle of capital jurisprudence: preventing the execution of innocents.

关键词： Business   Computer science   Pharmaceutical science   Biotechnology   Startup readiness   Research-based startups   Paper citation networks   Co-authorship networks   Academic entrepreneurship   Startup finances   Venture capital   User-inspired fundamental research   Technological innovation   Biopharmaceuticals  

摘要： For research domains such as life sciences, which pursue fundamental scientific understanding and applications intended for immediate use, academic entrepreneurship has played a pivotal role in commercialization. This paper presents an evaluation method of researchers related to user -inspired fundamental research, using global databases of startup finances and academic research papers of "startup readiness." Case studies of startups related to biopharmaceutical research topics suggest that the biopharmaceutical field has rich opportunities stemming from scientific research, commercialization, and entrepreneurship. This evaluation method sorts specific industry segments by which financing activities are active, and by which related growing research topics attract increased academic attention. We constructed networks of author citation and co -authorship from paper citation networks related to research topics in industry segments in the biopharmaceutical domain. Results obtained across all research topics we surveyed demonstrated that authors in the top 10% of degree centrality ranking in both networks are far more likely to be startup participants than other authors. Our computational approach might provide convenient, dynamic, global, and real-time understanding of the "startup readiness" of researchers working with research topics for which academic attention is emerging in actively financed biopharmaceutical fields.

关键词： Women in STEM   Mediated technologies   Work life negotiations   Mobile phone   Interactivity   Global south  

摘要： The dominant literature on interactivity of mobile phones treats it as a feature of the device that is neutral and value-free. Mostly quantitative studies of interactivity consider it as a stable construct, devoid of the contexts that constitute it. Of particular interest is the nature of interactivity in women's lives within patriarchal home and work spaces. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 35 women in STEM careers in Singapore, I depict the gendered nature of mobile phone use, situated amid patriarchal structures, familial roles, and cultural norms. Specifically I examine the ways in which the meanings of interactivity are constituted amid gendered familial, sociocultural, and organizational spaces. The participants offer a conceptual framework of interactivity that challenges the techno-deterministic literature positioning new technologies as emancipatory solutions. The interactive features on mobile phones reproduce and magnify the gendered challenges experienced by the participants, adding new forms of reproductive labour. Gendered expectations of housework extend to interactions with the mobile device, with the device shaping the frequency, duration, and immediacy of interactions. Moreover, these interactive features afford specific forms of male interactions such as informal work chat groups that exclude women and simultaneously serve as spaces of decision-making. Features such as video chats and text messages further magnify the erasure of women in STEM amid patriarchal STEM cultures. Similarly, social media constitute structures that shape gendered performances although positive interactions on social media are seen as coping resources.

关键词： Peer-to-peer computing   Servers   Mobile ad hoc networks   Wireless networks   Computer science   Monitoring   Infrastructure-less networks   mobile point-of-interests   query processing   validity region  

摘要： A region-based querying has been widely used to update the freshness of query result and reduce the query traffic in diverse wireless networks. Most prior querying approaches implicitly assume infrastructure-based networks but we need to relax this assumption by considering limited coverage or even unavailability of the network. In this paper, we propose an elastic validity region and its corresponding query operation, called MQry, in an infrastructure-less network with mobile point-of-interests (POIs). Due to the mobility of nodes and POIs, it is challenging how to efficiently build and update a validity region. Each query replying node that contributes in building an initial validity region judiciously switches its monitor operation on the queried POI. The query issuing node adjusts the current validity region to reduce the number of redundant queries without hurting the freshness of queried result. The query operations of both query issuing and replying nodes are depicted using finite state machines for clarity. We conduct extensive simulation experiments using the OMNeT++ for performance evaluation and comparison with four existing schemes. The simulation results show that the MQry can adaptively change the size of validity region and be a viable querying approach in infrastructure-less networks.

关键词： Crowdsourcing   Social network services   Task analysis   Tagging   Mobile handsets   Computer science   Systematics   Crowdsourcing   empirical study   human-centered computing   hypothesis testing   information system   interaction network   interaction pattern   network evolution   online community   social computing   social network (SN) analysis   social networking   time-series decomposition  

摘要： A social crowdsourcing community (SCC) is a moderated online community where members participate in activities designed to elicit their opinions concerning topics related to products or services. This emerging paradigm of human computation systems is distinct in which it combines the powers of crowdsourcing and social networking to allow for systematic querying of crowds and synthesizing response data (i.e., contributions) into coherent reports for decision-makers. Since the SCC paradigm is relatively new, we apply methods from social network analysis and related fields to help answer important questions relevant to SCCs. We demonstrate the applicability of these methods by analyzing five years of interactions in a private SCC starting from its inception. This analysis reveals the patterns in members' interactions within the SCC and key factors that affect them. In addition, the analysis reveals the patterns in the evolution of these interactions.

摘要： The article briefly profiles Brown University computer science professor Michael Littman, and his efforts to teach computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning to a broad audience.

关键词： Computational Modeling   Biological System Modeling   Mathematical Model   Chemicals   Computer Science   Physics  

摘要： Presents corrections to author information for the above named paper.

关键词： AVATARS (Virtual reality)   COMPUTER engineering   MECHANICAL engineering   COMPUTER science   PARKINSON’S disease  

摘要： The article informs that Researchers at the University of Washington are seeking new capabilities for next generation portable virtual reality and augmented reality device, and developed a tool that not only may improve gaming experiences but could also be integrated into smart watches and fitness bracelets for biomedical applications. It mentions that device consists of a wearable wristband and ring system, called AuraRing, that continuously monitors hand and finger movements.