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关键词： Evolutionary Mechanisms   Computer Science   Software Evolution  

摘要： Evolution gave rise to creatures that are arguably more sophisticated than the greatest human-designed systems. This feat has inspired computer scientists since the advent of computing and led to optimization tools that can evolve complex neural networks for machines-an approach known as "neuroevolution."After a few successes in designing evolvable representations for high-dimensional artifacts, the field has been recently revitalized by going beyond optimization: to many, the wonder of evolution is less in the perfect optimization of each species than in the creativity of such a simple iterative process, that is, in the diversity of species. This modern view of artificial evolution is moving the field away from microevolution, following a fitness gradient in a niche, to macroevolution, filling many niches with highly different species. It already opened promising applications, like evolving gait repertoires, video game levels for different tastes, and diverse designs for aerodynamic bikes.

关键词： Computer Science   Artificial Intelligence   Human-Centered Computing  

摘要： Machine learning has been heavily researched and widely used in many disciplines. However, achieving high accuracy requires a large amount of data that is sometimes difficult, expensive, or impractical to obtain. Integrating human knowledge into machine learning can significantly reduce data requirement, increase reliability and robustness of machine learning, and build explainable machine learning systems. This allows leveraging the vast amount of human knowledge and capability of machine learning to achieve functions and performance not available before and will facilitate the interaction between human beings and machine learning systems, making machine learning decisions understandable to humans. This paper gives an overview of the knowledge and its representations that can be integrated into machine learning and the methodology. We cover the fundamentals, current status, and recent progress of the methods, with a focus on popular and new topics. The perspectives on future directions are also discussed.

关键词： Computer science   Ethics   Government   Industry  

摘要： The fields of computer science and artificial intelligence are struggling with the ethical challenges of biometrics. Researchers, funders and institutions must respond.

关键词： Machine learning   Ethics   Computer science  

摘要： The technology is improving — but the bigger issue is how it’s used.

关键词： Machine learning   Ethics   Politics   Computer science  

摘要： Journals and researchers are under fire for controversial studies using this technology. And aNaturesurvey reveals that many researchers in this field think there is a problem.

关键词： Computer science   Ethics   Information technology   Machine learning  

摘要： The grave concerns over ethical and societal impacts of inescapable facial-recognition technology.

关键词： Turing machines  

摘要： The quest to understand consciousness, once the purview of philosophers and theologians, is now actively pursued by scientists of many stripes. This paper studies consciousness from the perspective of theoretical computer science. It formalizes the Global Workspace Theory (GWT) originated by cognitive neuroscientist Bernard Baars and further developed by him, Stanislas Dehaene, and others. Our major contribution lies in the precise formal definition of a Conscious Turing Machine (CTM), also called a Conscious AI. We define the CTM in the spirit of Alan Turing’s simple yet powerful definition of a computer, the Turing Machine (TM). We are not looking for a complex model of the brain nor of cognition but for a simple model of (the admittedly complex concept of) consciousness. After formally defining CTM, we give a formal definition of consciousness in CTM. We later suggest why the CTM has the feeling of consciousness. The reasonableness of the definitions and explanations can be judged by how well they agree with commonly accepted intuitive concepts of human consciousness, the range of related concepts that the model explains easily and naturally, and the extent of its agreement with scientific *** Codes 68T01, 68T40, 68242, © 2020, CC BY.

关键词： In-class computer use   mathematics and science achievement   learning opportunities   partial least squares structural equation modelling  

摘要： Employing data from TIMSS 2011, this study investigated the association among middle school students' in-class computer use, content learning opportunities, and mathematics and science achievement. 3,398 students and 183 mathematics teachers and 3,989 students and 363 science teachers were included in the study. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the data. The mathematics results suggested that in-class computer use was associated indirectly with mathematics achievement because teachers provide greater content learning opportunities. In contrast, the science results showed no significant relation between in-class computer use and students' achievement. Further, our study found that using computers in class as an information tool moderated the socioeconomic status-science achievement association. Computer integration into mathematics and science classrooms is discussed.

关键词： DATA analysis   COMPUTER software development   COMPUTER software research   ELECTRONIC data processing   PHYSICS experiments  

摘要： With the ever-increasing size of scientific collaborations and complexity of scientific instruments, the software needed to acquire, process and analyze the gathered data is increasing in both complexity and size. Unfortunately the role and career path of scientists and engineers working on software R&D and developing scientific software are neither clearly established nor defined in many fields of natural science. In addition, the exchange of information between scientific software development and computer science departments at universities or computing schools is scattered and fragmented into individual initiatives. To address the above issues we propose a new effort on a European level, which concentrates on strengthening the role of software developers in natural sciences, acts as a hub for the exchange of ideas among different stake-holders in computer science and scientific software and forms a lobbying forum for software engineering in natural sciences on an international level. This contribution discusses in detail the motivation, role and interplay with other initiatives of a "Software Institute for Data-Intensive Sciences", which is currently being discussed between research institutes, universities and funding agencies in Europe. In addition to the current status, an outlook on future prospects of this initiative will be given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： PARTICLE physics   ASTROPHYSICS   DISTRIBUTED computing   COMPUTER science   DATA structures  

摘要： As a well established, large-scale distributed storage system, dCache is used to manage and serve huge amounts of data collected by high energy physics, astrophysics and photon science experiments. Based on a microservices-like architecture, dCache is built as a modular distributed system, where each component provides a different core functionality. These services communicate by passing serialized messages to each other, a core behavior whose performance properties can consequently affect the entire system. This paper compares and evaluates different data serialization protocols in computer science with the objective of replacing and improving upon Java Object Serialization (JOS), which has increasingly presented itself as no longer being sufficiently performant for encoding messages. The criteria for choosing a new framework are collected, analyzed and formalized. The primary motivation for replacing Java serialization for encoding dCache messages is increasing the general speed of message-passing and thereby reducing the round-trip time for user requests. Emphasis is also placed on schema evolution capabilities and framework usability. Approaches for generalizing (de)serialization speed and size measurements based on data structure complexity are introduced, criteria for measuring documentation, learning curve, maintainability and introduction effort are defined. Finally, several selected serialization protocols are evaluated and compared accordingly, concluding with a recommendation for a suitable JOS replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]