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关键词： capital punishment   crime politics   penal policy   social threat  

摘要： Theorists have placed considerable emphasis on the role that political factors play in shaping jurisdictional use of the death penalty. However, scholars have yet to empirically examine whether these political explanations account for reliance on this punishment across counties in the United States. Furthermore, empirical research that has examined the political factors associated with the dramatic decline in the use of the death penalty in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been limited. In order to address these gaps in the literature, this study examines whether the variables derived from three political perspectives are associated with use of death sentences across 2,572 counties in the United States from 1990 to 2010. The results from this study indicate support for the key propositions within the partisan politics, religious fundamentalist sentiment, and economic threat hypotheses. However, in contrast to the results from prior studies, no support was shown for the direct relationship between the size of African American populations and local reliance on the death penalty.

关键词： Computer science education   Girls   Interventions   Motivation   Interest   Self-efficacy  

摘要： The interest of girls in computing drops early during primary and secondary education, with minimal recovery in later education stages. In combination with the growing shortage of qualified computer science personnel, this is becoming a major issue, and also a target of numerous studies that examine measures, interventions, and strategies to boost girls' commitment to computing. Yet, the results of existing studies are difficult to navigate, and hence are being very rarely employed in classrooms. In this paper, we summarize the existing body of knowledge on the effective interventions to recruit and retain girls in computer science education, intending to equip educators with a comprehensive and easy-to-navigate map of interventions recommended in the existing literature. To this end, we perform an aggregated umbrella literature review of 11 existing reviews on the topic, together accumulating joined knowledge from over 800 publications, and formulate the findings in a map of 22 concrete interventions structured in six groups according to their phase and purpose.

关键词： Success in academia   Collaboration   Rising stars   Impact of collaboration   Junior researchers   Well-known researchers   Influential researchers   Philosophy   Computer science  

摘要： In many natural science domains, while collaboration is inevitably becoming a vital factor for success, cultivating new promising researchers is becoming a by-product of this process. Young researchers or doctorate candidates can grow up quickly by the tutor's instructions, advanced experimental environment and fierce competition among themselves. In an existing study, we explored the premise that collaboration with an expert in the field can lead to success in the field of computer science. Other fields in natural science may yield results similar to computer science domain, however, domains such as philosophy, where successful scholars, rather than working on scientific articles, prefer spending more time in book writing and delivering lectures and seminars, may produce different results. This study attempts to find the effect of collaboration of top-class researchers on the career of junior researchers of philosophy from a dataset extracted from Ebrary and Scopus ranging from 2000 to 2016. The results of the study depict a relationship between the co-authorship with a top researcher of the field and the success in terms of impact. Results demonstrate that authors who collaborated with highly influential authority authors at an early stage of their career happened to be less productive at initial stages and more productive in later stages as compared to authors who worked with authority authors in later stages. The later ones gained more visibility in terms of citations, with high sociability at later stages and more longevity. However, there is a big number of philosophers who worked independently and still found to be highly productive and successful.

关键词： Sensors   Cameras   Computer engineering   Computer science   Computer vision technology   Intelligent sensors   Machine vision   Sensing systems   Systems modeling   Telecommunications  

摘要： The guest editors introduce the Special Section on Advances in Urban Imaging and Applications.

关键词： Identity grafting   Mainland China   Marginal citizenship   Migration   Rural culture   Urban culture  

摘要： The first two decades of twenty-first century witnessed growing academic enthusiasm over rural migrant families and their children in China. Unlike those who moved to the cities alone in the early stage of migration, nowadays more and more migrants tend to bring their families and children on the move. Recent research unveils the tendency of these migrant families to settle in a destination city permanently. On the one hand, living with their parents contributes to the general well-being of these migrant children, but on the other hand, once they are settled in the city, the challenging courses of navigating host and origin contexts and negotiating rural and urban identities befall them. However, how these children construct their identity against the urban backdrop remains largely a myth. This study, based on 6 months of fieldwork at a vocational secondary school in Beijing, is a memoir of twelve migrant girls constructing a new pro-urban identity in the city. Adopting qualitative and ethnographic approaches, through the theoretical lens of identity grafting, this study addresses how these migrant girls navigate rural and urban cultures and interact with other parties involved in heir daily lives against the urban background, and how they graft their new identity.

关键词： Fuzzy logic   Training data   Fuzzy sets   Interpolation   Data models   Computer science   Dictionaries   Adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) construction   data shortage   group rule interpolation   locally linear embedding (LLE)   rule dictionary   transfer learning  

摘要： A major assumption for constructing an effective adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is that sufficient training data are available. However, in many real-world applications, this assumption may not hold, thereby requiring alternative approaches. In light of this observation, this article focuses on automated construction of ANFISs in an effort to enhance the potential of the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy regression models for situations where only limited training data are available. In particular, the proposed approach works by interpolating a group of fuzzy rules in a certain given domain with the assistance of existing ANFISs in its neighboring domains. The construction process involves a number of computational mechanisms, including a rule dictionary which is created by extracting the rules from the existing ANFISs;a group of rules which are interpolated by exploiting the local linear embedding algorithm to build an intermediate ANFIS;and a fine-tuning method which refines the resulting intermediate ANFIS. The experimental evaluation on both synthetic and real-world datasets is reported, demonstrating that when facing the data shortage situations, the proposed approach helps significantly improve the performance of the original ANFIS modeling mechanism.

关键词： Computer science   Education   Production   Tools   Online services   Mashups   Computer science   experience report   flipped classroom (FC)   inverted classroom   laboratory   undergraduate  

摘要： Contribution: This article presents an experience report on the application of flipped classroom (FC) to the laboratory sessions (henceforth lab sessions) of an undergraduate computer science course. Background: Hands-on work in computer science lab sessions is typically preceded by technical instructions on how to install, configure, and use the software and hardware tools needed during the lab. In the course under study, this initial explanation took between 14% and 50% of the lab time, reducing drastically the time available for actual practice. It was also observed that students missing any of the labs had trouble catching up. Intended Outcomes: The application of FC is expected to increase the time for hands-on activities, and improve students' performance and motivation. This improvement is expected to be more noticeable in those students who are unable to attend all lab sessions. Application Design: The study compares the application of FC and a traditional methodology. It encompasses two academic courses and involves 434 students and six lecturers. Findings: The FC is suitable for lab sessions in computer science. Among other results, flipping the labs resulted in 24 more minutes of practical and collaborative work on average at each lab session. It was observed a significant improvement in the motivation of students, with 9 out of every 10 students preferring it over traditional methodologies. Also, the FC made it much easier for students to catch up after missing a lab, making the final grades less dependent on lab attendance.

关键词： Ethics   Tools   Computer science   Software engineering   IP networks   Visualization   Cultural differences   Ethics   global awareness   intercultural competence   professional skills   social responsibility   teaching skills  

摘要： Contribution: This article demonstrates that social, cultural, economic, and political topics can be effectively addressed in the context of traditional computer science and engineering topics with few additional resources and little coordination. Background: Social, cultural, economic, and political influences are often secondary topics in computer science and engineering curricula. Superficial treatment of these topics can impede future graduates by limiting their understanding of how global factors influence the design of products, the availability of consumers, and future employment. Research Question: Are there ways to effectively integrate coverage of global issues and technical course material that sacrifice little class time and require few resources? If so, which activities and tools are most effective? Methodology: Computer networking students were introduced to the well-known networking tools Traceroute and WHOIS. Students were required to successfully use these tools for a graded assignment. After finding the country of origin with a visual Traceroute tool, students chose an article reporting on a technical topic in the social, cultural, political, or economic context of one of the origin countries. Students answered questions regarding their previous and new knowledge on the graded assignment and then reported the effectiveness of the activities in encouraging global awareness on an anonymous questionnaire. Findings: Students reported little previous knowledge of all countries included in the assignment but found the assignment useful in learning about global influences within the context of traditional networking tools. Furthermore, students reported differences in what activity during the assignment was most effective when learning about global issues.

关键词： Translational research   Translational computer science   Scientific workflows   Workflow management systems   Large-scale distributed computing  

摘要： Translational research (TR) has been extensively used in the health science domain, where results from laboratory research are translated to human studies and where evidence-based practices are adopted in real-world settings to reach broad communities. In computer science, much research stops at the result publication and dissemination stage without moving to the evaluation in real settings at scale and feeding the gained knowledge back to research. Additionally, there is a lack of steady funding and incentives to broadly promote translational computer science (TCS) in practice. In this paper, we present how, throughout its lifespan, the Pegasus workflow management system project has incorporated the principles of translational computer science. We report on our experience on building a strong, long-term engagement with a broad range of science communities to establish mutually beneficial relationships between the core R&D team and these communities.

关键词： Affective computing   Computer science   Literature survey   Physiology   Psychology   Linguistics   Mathematics   Sociology  

摘要： Affective computing intends to train computers with human-like abilities. It is a multidisciplinary research field, in which interrelated domains like sociology, psychology, computer science, physiology, mathematics, and linguistics have a great contribution. Till now, these domains have been explored by the researchers independently. On the contrary, the cumulative impact on Affective computing of these domains has never been investigated. In this paper, the contribution of these fields along with their theories, concepts, models, and implications in Affective computing is explained in detail. Along with this, some existing affective databases are also presented in this work. Subsequently, various applications where Affective computing has a great impact are discussed which will help future researchers in understanding the importance of this field and its applicability in real life. At last, it reveals some of the challenges along with suggested solutions that exist in this field for future work. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.