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关键词： Computer Science   general   Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems   Operating Systems   Software Engineering   Artificial Intelligence  

摘要： The modern realistic computer graphics is based on physically correct lighting simulation. One of the main and computationally difficult problems is the calculation of light transport or global illumination, i.e. the distribution of light in a virtual scene taking into account multiple reflections, light scattering and various interactions of light with the scene objects. This problem is studied in hundreds of books and papers. They describe dozens of computational methods and their modifications. Our survey not only lists and briefly describes them but also gives some kind of a "map" of existing works that helps the reader to find one's bearings, understand the advantages and drawbacks of these methods and thus select an appropriate basic approach. Special attention is paid to such characteristics of the methods as their robustness and universality with respect to models, the clarity of their verification, the possibility of efficient implementation on GPUs and the constraints imposed on the scene or illumination phenomena. In contrast to existing surveys, we try to analyze not only the efficiency of the methods but their limitations and the complexity of software implementation as well. In addition, the results of the authors' own numerical experiments that illustrate some of our conclusions are presented.

关键词： Layout   Hospitals   Linear programming   Evolutionary computation   Search problems   Computer science   Telecommunications   Double row layout problem (DRLP)   linear programming (LP)   multiobjective evolutionary algorithm   tabu search  

摘要： Facility layout problems (FLPs) in hospitals are typically to arrange facilities or rooms along both sides of a corridor to minimize some objectives. In a hospital, very often there are center-islands to decrease the flow cost among facilities or rooms. However, these islands have not been considered before. In this article, we propose an FLP with center-islands that involves two parallel rows and center-islands. A mixed-integer program formulation is established for modeling it. A methodology for combining a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) and linear program is proposed to solve this problem. MOEA/D optimizes the sequence of facilities on two rows and center-islands while the linear program is embedded into MOEA/D to optimize the exact locations of center-islands. A tabu search with a local search is also integrated into MOEA/D to enhance its search capability. Experiments show that our proposed methodology can effectively solve the problem.

关键词： Computer Science   Art   Extended Reality   Entertainment Industry   Machine Learning   Media   Interviews  

摘要： With a background in both computer science and art, Tomas Laurenzo's research spans across different practices and interests, including artificial intelligence (machine learning), human-computer interaction, physical computing, and extended reality. In reviewing his work to date, we found many themes that resonated with recent events highlighted in mass media and were curious to find out more about his process and perspective. He had much to say on the matter as can be read in our interview with Tom documented herein.

关键词： Computer Science   general   Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems   Operating Systems   Software Engineering   Artificial Intelligence  

摘要： This paper investigates the possibility of automatic detection of information campaigns in the absence of a priori knowledge about the fact of their running, their goals, affected objects, and target audience. We propose a general model of information campaigns and also highlight some features of hidden information campaigns. The model is suitable for describing information campaigns both in social media and in traditional media, including those outside of the Internet. A method for detecting information campaigns, which allows the problem to be solved in automatic mode, is proposed. To confirm the efficiency of the method, an experimental study was carried out on data collected from social media. We invited some experts in related fields to label text messages and create a test corpus. To analyze the complexity of the problem, we measured the degree of cross-expert agreement. Results of the analysis confirmed the initial hypothesis that, even for professionals, the detection of hidden information campaigns is not a trivial task. Nevertheless, using the voting method, we built a test collection to study particular information campaign features, as well as compared the proposed method with individual answers provided by the experts. Result of the experiments confirmed a high potential of the proposed approach to the problem of automatic detection of information campaigns.

关键词： problem solving   computational thinking   computer science   Code   org   content analysis  

摘要： Computational thinking is a means to understand and solve complex problems through using computer science concepts and techniques. While there is an increase in the number of initiatives focusing on coding, whether they (a) address computational thinking and problem-solving skills and (b) use methods of teaching problem solving is yet to be explored. As a preliminary step, this study focuses on examining 3rd grade lesson plans at ***. The analysis identified various components of computational thinking and problem solving as well as specific problem-solving teaching methods used to address these skills. Besides such cognitive outcomes, the findings also revealed affective, reflective, and social aspects of learning supported in the lessons.

关键词： Book Reviews   History   Computer Science  

摘要： Your Computer Is On Fire presents a history of the problems that plague technoculture, from Silicon Valley itself to the Valley’s reaches in the Global South. Most importantly, the volume homes in on how the history of computing intersects with larger histories of racial capitalism, dispossession, outsourcing, and colonialism. This book could not have appeared at a more opportune time. In planning stages since 2015, and based on a series of symposia held at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, and Stanford University from 2016 on, this sixteen-chapter edited volume takes up long-standing issues in critical studies of computing, using history to situate and potentially transform hierarchical tech workplaces and problematic appeals to techno-solutionism as a salve for society’s ills. Fire serves as a reminder of computing’s relationship to materiality, its tendency to consume vast amounts of resources and literally burn hot, and its capacity for great destruction on both an environmental and human level. YCIOF is meant to sound the alarm, acting as a wakeup call for academics and technologists who may bear some resemblance to the “This is fine” dog surrounded by burning flames meme.

关键词： Optimization   Operations Research/Decision Theory   Real Functions   Computer Science   general  

摘要： This is a review of the book 'Deterministic Global Optimization: An Introduction to the Diagonal Approach'.

关键词： Computer Science   general   Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems   Operating Systems   Software Engineering   Artificial Intelligence  

摘要： Classification of high-entropy data sources is one of the key problems in the field of information security. Currently, there are many methods for classification of encrypted and compressed sequences;however, they mostly use digital signatures or service information found in the headers of the containers used to store or transfer data. This paper analyzes the state of research in the field of classification of encrypted and compressed data and develops a model of encrypted and compressed sequences. Our experiments demonstrate a high accuracy of the proposed approach, which allows us to conclude that the methods for classifying encrypted and compressed data used in our study have been improved. The approach can be implemented in data leak prevention systems or corporate email systems to analyze the attachments sent outside the controlled perimeter of a government agency or enterprise. Purpose of the research - develop a model of pseudo-random sequences generated by data encryption and compression algorithms that most accurately reflects statistical properties of these sequences. Methods of the research - statistical data analysis, mathematical statistics, and machine learning. Result of the research - An analysis of the studies aimed at solving the problem of classification for encrypted and compressed sequences in the field of information security is carried out. A model of pseudo-random sequences generated by encryption and compression algorithms is developed taking into account their statistical features: distribution of bytes and distribution of subsequences of limited length, which constitute a new probabilistic space. The choice of the statistical features used in the pseudo-random sequence model is justified. Experiments for determining the hyperparameters of the classifier on a dataset generated from encrypted and compressed files without taking their headers into account are carried out. The constraints used in the pseudo-random sequence model, namely, the l

关键词： Computer science   Social sciences   Sociology  

摘要： We cooperate with other people despite the risk of being exploited or hurt. If future artificial intelligence (AI) systems are benevolent and cooperative toward us, what will we do in return? Here we show that our cooperative dispositions are weaker when we interact with AI. In nine experiments, humans interacted with either another human or an AI agent in four classic social dilemma economic games and a newly designed game of Reciprocity that we introduce here. Contrary to the hypothesis that people mistrust algorithms, participants trusted their AI partners to be as cooperative as humans. However, they did not return AI's benevolence as much and exploited the AI more than humans. These findings warn that future self-driving cars or co-working robots, whose success depends on humans' returning their cooperativeness, run the risk of being exploited. This vulnerability calls not just for smarter machines but also better human-centered policies.