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关键词： ethics   machine learning   computer science   societal consequences  

摘要： Researchers in areas as diverse as computer science and political science must increasingly navigate the possible risks of their research to society. However, the history of medical experiments on vulnerable individuals influencedmany research ethics reviews to focus exclusively on risks to human subjects rather than risks to human society. We describe an Ethics and Society Review board (ESR), which fills this moral gap by facilitating ethical and societal reflection as a requirement to access grant funding: Researchers cannot receive grant funding from participating programs until the researchers complete the ESR process for their proposal. Researchers author an initial statement describing their proposed research's risks to society, subgroups within society, and globally and commit to mitigation strategies for these risks. An interdisciplinary faculty panel iterates with the researchers to refine these risks and mitigation strategies. We describe a mixed-method evaluation of the ESR over 1 y, in partnership with a large artificial intelligence grant program at our university. Surveys and interviews of researchers who interacted with the ESR found 100% (95% CI: 87 to 100%) were willing to continue submitting future projects to the ESR, and 58% (95% CI: 37 to 77%) felt that it had influenced the design of their research project. The ESR panel most commonly identified issues of harms to minority groups, inclusion of diverse stakeholders in the research plan, dual use, and representation in datasets. These principles, paired with possible mitigation strategies, offer scaffolding for future research designs.

关键词： Protocols   Authentication   Radiofrequency identification   Privacy   Servers   Computer science   Internet of Things   Active tags   authentication   privacy   radio-frequency identification   RFID   security   zero-knowledge  

摘要： An RFID system is a contactless automatic identification technology and a solution to many business and personal applications. However, the privacy threats to RFID systems cause significant concerns in real RFID applications. Among the privacy issues in RFID systems, we are particularly interested in designing an RFID authentication protocol that achieves strong indistinguishability-based privacy (ind-privacy) and possesses the zero-knowledge property for active tags. In this article, a zero-knowledge authentication protocol (ZKAP) using quadratic residues is proposed. Then, an indistinguishability-based experiment using random oracles is modeled to prove that the proposed scheme achieves strong ind-privacy against active eavesdroppers. The zero-knowledge property is defined with respect to the tags' private information against dishonest readers, and that property of our ZKAP is proven by constructing a polynomial time simulator that generates a transcript with the same distribution as that of ZKAP. Finally, the proposed protocol is implemented in a Raspberry Pi and a PC, and the performance is evaluated in terms of authentication time. The experimental results demonstrate that our ZKAP achieves its design goals.

关键词： Geometry  

摘要： Here we present our arguments for a more in-depth study of the Boolean cube, which is one of the most important discrete structures. The article contains a case study that analyses how the Boolean cube has been included and explained in more than 80 different sources. However, organized material on the Boolean cube is lacking. We examine and show why the topic of the Boolean cube deserves to be studied in the course on Discrete Structures – a basic part of the Computer Science curriculum. The benefits of mastering such knowledge and programming skills are pointed out. A sample lecture on the n-dimensional Boolean cube (including selected exercises, their answers, hints or solutions) is developed and discussed. It introduces, generalizes and relates many concepts from different subjects in the area of Discrete Mathematics and outside it. So the lecturers can use the sample lecture when teaching those subjects. In this way, all these concepts become more understandable, applicable and useful to the students. The lecture can be taught in a form of presentation or given to the students for "Online self-learning", in order to write homework, or develop a course project related to the topic, etc. All supporting resources to the lecture are available for free use at [8].MSC Codes 68R01, 97N70 Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computer science education   K12   Literature review  

摘要： Computer science education (CSEd) research within K-12 makes extensive use of empirical studies in which children participate. Insight in the demographics of these children is important for the purpose of understanding the representativeness of the populations included. This literature review studies the demographics of subjects included in K-12 CSEd studies. We have manually inspected the proceedings of three of the main international CSEd conferences: SIGCSE, ITiCSE and ICER, of five years (2014-2018), and selected all papers pertaining to K-12 CSEd experiments. This led to a sample of 134 papers describing 143 studies. We manually read these papers to determine the demographic information that was reported on, investigating the following categories: age/grade, gender, race/ethnic background, location, prior computer science experience, socio-economic status (SES), and disability. Our findings show that children from the United States, boys and children without computer science experience are included most frequently. Race and SES are frequently not reported on, and for race as well as for disabilities there appears a tendency to report these categories only when they deviate from the majority. Further, for several demographic categories different criteria are used to determine them. Finally, most studies take place within schools. These insights can be valuable to correctly interpret current knowledge from K12 CSEd research, and furthermore can be helpful in developing standards for consistent collection and reporting of demographic information in this community.

关键词： Computational science   Computer science   Scientific data   Predictive markers   Biomarkers   Computational models   Data mining   Machine learning  

摘要： Since 2019, a large number of people worldwide have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Among those infected, a limited number develop severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which generally has an acute onset. The treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 is challenging. To optimize disease prognosis and effectively utilize medical resources, proactive measures must be adopted for patients at risk of developing severe COVID-19. We analyzed the data of COVID-19 patients from seven medical institutions in Tokyo and used mathematical modeling of patient blood test results to quantify and compare the predictive ability of multiple prognostic indicators for the development of severe COVID-19. A machine learning logistic regression model was used to analyze the blood test results of 300 patients. Due to the limited data set, the size of the training group was constantly adjusted to ensure that the results of machine learning were effective (e.g., recognition rate of disease severity > 80%). Lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, and ferritin levels were the best prognostic indicators of severe COVID-19. The mathematical model developed in this study enables prediction and classification of COVID-19 severity.

摘要： In this article, I bring the constitutional jurisprudence of major East Asian courts into reconstructive dialogue with that of the United States, South Africa, and several former Soviet-bloc countries, on per se review of capital punishment. This fills in a gap in the literature, which has failed to reflect new developments in Asia. Besides analysing various review approaches, I extrapolate recurrent analytical issues and reconstruct dialogues among these court decisions. Moreover, I place the analysis in historical perspective by periodising the jurisprudential trajectory of the right to life. The contextualised reconstructive dialogues offer multilayered understanding of my central analytical argument: for any court that may conduct per se review of capital punishment in the future, the highly influential South African Makwanyane case does not settle the lesson. The transnational debate has been kept open by the Korean Constitutional Court’s decisions, as well as retrospectively by the US cases of Furman and Gregg. This argument has two major points. First, the crucial part of the reasoning in Makwanyane, namely that capital punishment cannot be proven to pass the necessity test under the proportionality review, is analytically inconclusive. The Korean Constitutional Court’s decision offers a direct contrast to this point. Second, the exercise of proportionality review of the Makwanyane Court does not attest to the neutrality and objectivity of proportionality review. Rather, what is really dispositive of the outcome are certain value choices inhering in per se review of capital punishment. © The Author(s), 2021.

关键词： Computer science   Information technology   Software   Computational biology and bioinformatics  

摘要： Field-programmable gate arrays can speed up applications ranging from genomic alignment to deep learning. Field-programmable gate arrays can speed up applications ranging from genomic alignment to deep learning.

关键词： Computer science   Machine learning   Mathematics and computing  

摘要： The machine-learning techniques could benefit other areas of maths that involve large data sets.

关键词： Computer science   Machine learning   Mathematics and computing  

摘要： An artificially intelligent controller can station a stratospheric balloon for weeks at a time without full knowledge of surrounding winds, opening up the prospect of unsupervised environmental monitoring.