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关键词： Multiphoton microscopy   Computer science   Adaptive optics   Imaging and sensing  

摘要： Scattering in biological tissues is a major barrier for in vivo optical imaging of all but the most superficial structures. Progress toward overcoming the distortions caused by scattering in turbid media has been made by shaping the excitation wavefront to redirect power into a single point in the imaging plane. However, fast, non-invasive determination of the required wavefront compensation remains challenging. Here, we introduce a quickly converging algorithm for non-invasive scattering compensation, termed DASH, in which holographic phase stepping interferometry enables new phase information to be updated after each measurement. This leads to rapid improvement of the wavefront correction, forming a focus after just one measurement iteration and achieving an order of magnitude higher signal enhancement at this stage than the previous state-of-the-art. Using DASH, we demonstrate two-photon fluorescence imaging of microglia cells in highly turbid mouse hippocampal tissue down to a depth of 530 mu m. Wavefront shaping is used to overcome scattering in biological tissues during imaging, but determining the compensation is slow. Here, the authors use holographic phase stepping interferometry, where new phase information is updated after each measurement, enabling fast improvement of the wavefront correction.

关键词： Syntactics  

摘要： Structure or projectional editors are a well-studied concept among researchers and some practitioners. They have the huge advantage of preventing syntax and in some cases type errors, and aid the discovery of syntax by users unfamiliar with a language. This begs the question: why are they not widely used in education? To answer this question we performed a systematic review of 57 papers and performed a bibliometric analysis which extended to 381 papers. From these we generated two hypotheses: (1) a lack of empirical evidence prevents educators from committing to this technology, and (2) existing tools have not been designed based on actual user needs as they would be if human-centered design principles were used. Given problems we encountered with existing resources to support a systematic review, and the role of bibliometric tools in overcoming those obstacles, we also detail our methods so that they may be used as a guide for researchers or graduate students unfamiliar with bibliometrics. In particular, we report on which tools provide reliable and plentiful information in the field of computer science, and which have insufficient coverage and interoperability issues. © 2021, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Computer science   Electrical and electronic engineering  

摘要： Neuro-evolution is an appealing approach to generating collective behaviors for robot swarms. In its typical application, known as off-line automatic design, the neural networks controlling the robots are optimized in simulation. It is understood that the so-called reality gap, the unavoidable differences between simulation and reality, typically causes neural network to be less effective on real robots than what is predicted by simulation. In this paper, we present an empirical study on the extent to which the reality gap impacts the most popular and advanced neuro-evolutionary methods for the off-line design of robot swarms. The results show that the neural networks produced by the methods under analysis performed well in simulation, but not in real-robot experiments. Further, the ranking that could be observed in simulation between the methods eventually disappeared. We find compelling evidence that real-robot experiments are needed to reliably assess the performance of neuro-evolutionary methods and that the robustness to the reality gap is the main issue to be addressed to advance the application of neuro-evolution to robot swarms. Off-line neuro-evolution produces robot swarms whose good performance in simulation does not often transfer to the real word. With an extensive empirical study, Hasselmann et al. substantiate overfitting as the dominant cause.

关键词： Computer science   Databases   Ethics   Policy   SARS-CoV-2   Society  

摘要： Computational social science is a powerful research tool. But it needs its different disciplines to find a common language. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, Nature.

关键词： Computers  

关键词： Applied mathematics   Computer science   Statistics  

摘要： In many applications, one works with neural network models trained by someone else. For such pretrained models, one may not have access to training data or test data. Moreover, one may not know details about the model, e.g., the specifics of the training data, the loss function, the hyperparameter values, etc. Given one or many pretrained models, it is a challenge to say anything about the expected performance or quality of the models. Here, we address this challenge by providing a detailed meta-analysis of hundreds of publicly available pretrained models. We examine norm-based capacity control metrics as well as power law based metrics from the recently-developed Theory of Heavy-Tailed Self Regularization. We find that norm based metrics correlate well with reported test accuracies for well-trained models, but that they often cannot distinguish well-trained versus poorly trained models. We also find that power law based metrics can do much better-quantitatively better at discriminating among series of well-trained models with a given architecture;and qualitatively better at discriminating well-trained versus poorly trained models. These methods can be used to identify when a pretrained neural network has problems that cannot be detected simply by examining training/test accuracies. In many machine learning applications, one uses pre-trained neural networks, having limited access to training and test data. Martin et al. show how to predict trends in the quality of such neural networks without access to this information, relevant for reproducibility, diagnostics, and validation.

关键词： Employment  

摘要： Gender diversity in the tech sector is-not yet?-sufficient to create a balanced ratio of men and women. For many women, access to computer science is hampered by socialization-related, social, cultural and structural obstacles. The so-called implicit gender bias has a great influence in this respect. The lack of contact in areas of computer science makes it difficult to develop or expand potential interests. Female role models as well as more transparency of the job description should help women to promote their-possible-interest in the job description. However, gender diversity can also be promoted and fostered through adapted measures by leaders. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： 软科学科排名   计算机科学与技术   师范类高校  

摘要： 软科学学科排名从较为权威的角度衡量了各个学校下属的相关学科目前在世界上的水平,各高校可以根据此排名明确自身学科目前所处的位置去制定未来的发展目标。文章以江苏师范大学计算机科学与技术学科在该排名中的位置为起点,详细分析了其背后的师资、学科论文成果等因素,并以另外两所师范类高校为标杆,用同样的因素分析各个学校学科之间的异同。

关键词： Mathematical model   Azimuth   Navigation   Sensor phenomena and characterization   Scattering   Computer science   Analytical models   Bionic polarized light navigation   polarized skylight pattern   solar position   infinity characteristic model   linear fitting  

摘要： It's a key issue in the research of polarized light navigation to obtain the solar position information efficiently and accurately by using the polarized skylight pattern. But existing calculation methods for solving solar position use time-consuming data-processing algorithms that solve nonlinear equations. In this paper, we propose a linear data-processing method to calculate solar position by utilizing the infinity characteristic model of the polarized skylight pattern. The linear analytic model of the solar azimuth angle and zenith angle are established respectively by polar coordinate transformation of the infinity characteristic model of polarized skylight pattern, which transforms the solution of solar position into the slope solution of the linear equations. The measured experiments under clear, cloudy and partial occlusion conditions verify the effectiveness and better robustness of our linear algorithm, which can provide a more simple and efficient method to achieve the solar position.

关键词： 实践教学体系   信息技术   生命科学   新工科  

摘要： 健康大数据与数字医疗的出现使得对复合型的新工科专业人才需求更加迫切。要发展新工科的专业建设,必须结合我国发展现代医学的要求,培养服务于现代医学的专业技术人才。利用先进的人工智能和大数据技术改造传统的生命科学,有助于探索疾病发病机制,药物快速研发,疾病防疫等。文章讨论了发展生物医学信息化技术的新内涵,研究了建设生命科学与计算机交叉的实践教学体系,探讨了新型医学信息技术人才的培养路径。