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关键词： 惩罚性赔偿   生态环境损害   环境侵权   威慑补充   民法典   Punitive damages   Ecological and environmental destruction   Environmental tort   Deterrence supplementation   Civil Code  

摘要： 从《民法典》第1232条规定惩罚性赔偿的目的来看，该条应当适用于生态环境损害赔偿。生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿的功能既包括对生态环境承载的精神和文化价值提供填补性赔偿，也包括对故意违法者给予应得的惩罚以及对严重的污染环境和破坏生态行为进行完全威慑。生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿责任以侵权人的主观故意、行为的违法性以及严重的损害后果作为特殊的成立要件，彰显出侵权行为的应受谴责性，也是施加惩罚性赔偿的依据。基于侵权责任的性质、环境侵权的特殊性、赔偿金额计算的技术性要求以及为确保生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿之完全威慑功能的实现，确定赔偿金额的原则是消除侵权人因此获得的利益，使侵权人得不偿失。生态环境损害惩罚性赔偿责任应当作为一项补充性的威慑机制，从而避免惩罚性赔偿的滥用。在行政处罚或刑罚已经实现威慑要求时，可以选择不适用惩罚性赔偿；在需要适用惩罚性赔偿时，赔偿数额的确定应综合考虑所有公法和私法上的金钱责任。

关键词： Agriculture   Computer science   Object detection   Indexes   Detectors   Training   Internet   Aerial imagery   crop circles   detection transformers (DETRs)   efficientDet   object detection   precision farming   YOLOv5  

摘要： Ongoing discoveries of water reserves have fostered an increasing adoption of crop circles in the desert in several countries. Automatically quantifying and surveying the layout of crop circles in remote areas can be of great use for stakeholders in managing the expansion of the farming land. This letter compares latest deep learning models for crop circle detection and counting, namely Detection Transformers, EfficientDet and YOLOv5 are evaluated. To this end, we build two datasets, via Google Earth Pro, corresponding to two large crop circle hot spots in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The images were drawn at an altitude of 20 km above the targets. The models are assessed in within-domain and cross-domain scenarios, and yielded plausible detection potential and inference response.

关键词： Algebra   Computer science   Girls   HSLS:09   Mathematics   STEM  

摘要： This correlational, quantitative dissertation in practice explored the influence of the timing of algebra 1, taking advanced math courses, taking AP math courses, math credits earned, math self-efficacy, math identity, and socioeconomic status (SES) on the decision by girls to choose computer science education or career pathway at the post-secondary level. The variables of SES, race/ethnicity, region, locale, and school control were also included as controls in the analyses. Data from the publicly available, nationally representative High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09) was used to explore the strength and directions of relationships between the predictor variables and the outcome variable. Three research questions were explored through examining the bivariate correlations between variables, and multivariate regression models. The statistical software IBM SPSS v 28.0 was used to filter and analyze the data. The overall findings suggest math self-efficacy and math identity play a key role in girls choosing to participate in computer science. Race/ethnicity is also significant as the data suggests the predictor variables have varying effects by race/ethnicity. Proposed solutions highlight the importance of seeing students as individuals and of educators crafting strategies to increase the participation by girls in computer science (CS) that are respectful and understanding of the influence of race/ethnicity and of the culture of the individual school and community.

关键词： Computer science   DNA data storage   Multiplexed   Nanopore   Reporter proteins   Synthetic biology  

摘要： Multiplexed molecular tools are a powerful means of interrogating biomolecular systems. Multiplexed assays offer significant advantages over singleplex assays, including time, reagent costs, sample requirements, and the amount of data that can be generated. In molecular biology, genetically encoded reporter proteins have expanded the toolbox of researchers to track biological phenomena. While they are widely used to measure many biological activities, the current number of uniquely addressable reporters that can be used together for one-pot multiplexed tracking is small due to overlapping detection channels such as fluorescence. Similarly, in DNA data storage, the ability to selectively target data files (i.e “randomly access”) in a multiplexable manner would lessen decoding latency and cost and enable deployment of practical DNA data storage architectures. The primary focus of this dissertation is to develop new multiplexable molecular assays for synthetic biology circuits and DNA data storage random access readout using nanopore sensor arrays. To overcome genetically encoded reporter protein multiplexing limitations, we built an expanded library of orthogonally-barcoded Nanopore-addressable protein Tags Engineered as Reporters (NanoporeTERs), which can be read and demuxed by nanopore sensors at the single-molecule level. Subsequently, to improve upon previous random access architectures, we demonstrate a new random access approach in which files can be selected in multiplex using a CRISPR-Cas9 target address and then decoded using a nanopore sequencer. This work presents a new class of reporter proteins that permit multiplexed, real-time tracking of gene expression along with a new random access DNA data storage strategy that increases one-pot multiplexing and decreased time-to-decoding.

关键词： Robotics   Applied Mathematics   Computer science   Electrical engineering   Engineering   Mathematics   Mechanics   Physics  

摘要： Upper extremity stiffness is a biomechanical parameter with implications for rehabilitation engineering, human operator dynamics and robotics. It is also a multidisciplinary topic, relying on digital signal processing and inverse kinematics. This thesis examines three numerical inverse kinematics solution techniques as applied a robotic end effector and human upper extremity. A method for measuring limb stiffness in the frequency domain using a seven-axis robot and digital signal processing techniques is also outlined. Through simulation, it was verified that the BFGS algorithm is preferable for situations with high initial estimate error, while the NR and LM methods are superior when minimizing computing cost is a priority as in real-time applications such as human controlled robots in rehabilitation engineering. Synthetic limb stiffness data was found to produce plots similar to those found in other research, however, the collection frequency of experimental data was too low to capture the full frequency range needed for dynamic modeling.

关键词： Energy   Chemical engineering   Artificial intelligence   Computer science   Design   Engineering   Environmental engineering   Fluid mechanics   Mathematics   Mechanics   Physics   Polymer chemistry   Thermodynamics  

摘要： As interest in the modularization and intensification of chemical processes continues to grow, more research must be directed towards the modeling and analysis of intensified process units. Intensified process units such as membrane reactors pose unique challenges pertaining to design and operation that have not been fully addressed in the reported literature. This work aims to address the design and control challenges caused by the integration of phenomena and the loss of degrees of freedom (DOF) that occur in the intensification of modular membrane reactor units. First, a novel first-principles approach for modeling membrane reactors is developed using the AVEVA Process Simulation Platform’s equation-oriented capabilities. The produced model allows for the simulation of generalized membrane reactors under nonisothermal and countercurrent operation for the first time. This model is then applied to generate an operability input-output mapping to study how operating points translate to overall unit performance. This work demonstrates how operability analyses can be used to identify areas of improvement in membrane reactor design, other than just using operability mapping studies to identify optimal input conditions for process operations. Next, a novel approach to designing membrane reactor units is proposed. This approach consists of designing smaller modules based on specific phenomena such as heat exchange, reactions, and mass transport and combining them in series to produce the final modular membrane-based unit. This module-based approach to designing membrane reactors is then assessed using a process operability analysis to maximize the operability index, as a way of quantifying the operational performance of intensified processes. This work demonstrates that by designing membrane reactors in this way, the operability of the original membrane reactor design can be significantly enhanced, translating to an improvement in achievability for a potential control str

关键词： Computer science   Female enrollment   Participation   Retention  

摘要： This study investigates factors that influence young women’s decision to major in computer science (CS). While there is a rapid increase of scientific advances being made in the United States and the importance of scientific fields for societal, economic, and personal advancement are expanding, women are still underrepresented among college students pursuing degrees in scientific fields. This is particularly the case in CS. Prior research identifies multiple factors that inhibit or foster women pursing CS. These include cultural stereotypes of computer scientists, sense of belonging, role models, family, peers, school curricula, informal activities, self-efficacy and confidence as a CS learner. However, this literature is largely correlational in nature. It lacks sufficient research using the actual words and explanations from women themselves majoring in CS. In-depth interviews with ten female college students about their undergraduate experiences majoring in computer science at a public 4-year college institution in the South provide the voices of young women in computing. Using a combination of social cognitive career theory (SCCT) and gender schema theory as lenses to analyze their interviews, this research describes the influences that shaped women’s participation in CS. Findings of this study provides insights based on the undergraduate experiences of female students who have declared a CS major. Results may illuminate factors contributing the gender gap in CS undergraduate majors and possible avenues to address it.

关键词： Computer science   Genetics   Mathematics   Optics  

摘要： Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) refers to all sequencing methods post Sanger Sequencing. Sequencing By Synthesis is the most well-known method, however it’s inaccessible price is difficult for some. Thus, a different method also exists, re-sequencing– which relies on a reference genome to check the validity of each base call. The standard for determining the validity of a base call is a one parameter quality score. But, previously a two-parameter Bayesian method was successfully used for re-sequencing the viral genome. However, a quality parameter was previously not used in the construction of the cumulative density function for the likelihood. This paper explores the implications of adding a third parameter to the previously successful method. It was found that there is no statistical significance between the two and three parameter methods. Furthermore, it takes significantly longer to process the three-parameter method. Hence, it is recommended to proceed with future utilization of this re-sequencing technique with the two-parameter method.

关键词： Computer science   Artificial intelligence  

关键词： Computer security..Artificial intelligence.Machine learning  

ISBN: (数字)9781119771562;9781119771555 ISBN: (纸本)9781119771531

摘要： INTELLIGENT SECURITY SYSTEMS Dramatically improve your cybersecurity using AI and machine learning In Intelligent Security Systems, distinguished professor and computer scientist Dr. Leon Reznik delivers an expert synthesis of artificial intelligence, machine learning and data science techniques, applied to computer security to assist readers in hardening their computer systems against threats. Emphasizing practical and actionable strategies that can be immediately implemented by industry professionals and computer device’s owners, the author explains how to install and harden firewalls, intrusion detection systems, attack recognition tools, and malware protection systems. He also explains how to recognize and counter common hacking activities. This book bridges the gap between cybersecurity education and new data science programs, discussing how cutting-edge artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques can work for and against cybersecurity efforts. Intelligent Security Systems includes supplementary resources on an author-hosted website, such as classroom presentation slides, sample review, test and exam questions, and practice exercises to make the material contained practical and useful. The book also offers:

• A thorough introduction to computer security, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, including basic definitions and concepts like threats, vulnerabilities, risks, attacks, protection, and tools
• An exploration of firewall design and implementation, including firewall types and models, typical designs and configurations, and their limitations and problems
• Discussions of intrusion detection systems (IDS), including architecture topologies, components, and operational ranges, classification approaches, and machine learning techniques in IDS design
• A treatment of malware and vulnerabilities detection and protection, including malware classes, history, and development trends